Joe Conrad :: essays research papers fc

Joseph Conrad was a very talented author. He started writing at the age of thirty-two, and began telling many tales of his life on the sea. In his youth he was a sailor and traveled to many places such as the Orient, and the Congo. It are his experiences on the Congo that serves as his primary source for his story The Heart of Darkness. This book was actually a story of a man, Charles Marlow, telling the story of his experience in Africa. While in Africa, Marlow's attitude towards life changes as can be seen in the following excerpts from the book. "We live in the flicker-may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!" (68). When Marlow gives that quote, he has not yet started his story. He is on a ship after a bad storm, and is about to begin. This particular quote has a zest to it. It tells one to live every moment to the fullest because life is but a flicker. This quote also tells the reader that Marlow wants to live a long life. After finishing the book, his statement seemed a bit strange because Marlow's tone became less enthusiastic at the end. However, Marlow survived through the experiences he told in his story. If he is still able to look back at his life and say, "may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!," then he must make the most out of it, and not let a few bad experiences change his attitude towards it. I couldn't help asking him once what he meant by coming there at all. 'To make money of course. what do you think?' he said, scornfully. Then he got fever, and had to be carried in a hammock slung under a pole...(86) This quote tells the reader much about the type of men that went to Africa. Most went only for the money-not giving a second thought to their health and safety. This particular man got deathly ill, and still was concerned only for money. Conrad was making a statement in this quote that too many people today do things only for money. Nobody works because they have a passion for what they do. People are too willing to put their lives on the line just to make a little money. Marlow was disgusted when the man snapped at him. Marlow he went to Africa because he had desired to do so since he was a little boy. He was an explorer at heart, and did not risk his

Problems and Aspirations of Youth Essay

Abstract Violent crimes such as murder, armed robbery, kidnapping and terrorism are the most inhumane crimes that continue to plague Nigeria. Lately, kidnappings for ransom and terrorism have taken the centre stage leading to bloodshed and economic set -backs. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to the increase in violent crimes. By using the deprivation theory proposed by Ted Gurr, this study has explored the proximate and ultimate causes involving the youths in violent crimes. If factors that create the feeling of deprivation and frustration created by unemployment are addressed, Nigeria‟s youths will not engage in violent crimes. Keywords: Youth; unemployment; poverty; violence; crime Introduction Creativity and high energy are the characteristics of young people in any nation and if the energy is channelled positively, it will greatly benefit not only the economic prosperity of nations but also enhance the moral values of the youth. When the same energy is used negatively, it will lead to social unrest and economic instability. Labour force of a country is used to measure unemployment and Feyisetan (1991) defines as a set of people or citizens of a country who are willing and are able to make available at any given point in time their efforts for gainful employment. Therefore unemployment is a situation where people are willing to work but could not find employment. According to the International Labour Organization people who are without work but available for and seekin g work; including those who have lost jobs and those who have voluntarily left jobs (World Bank, 1998). On the other hand, violent crime is defined as a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim. This entails violence including robbery with and without arms (Wikipedia, 2010). Global unemployment remained stable at 8% between 2010 and 2011, according to Gallup surveys of 148 countries. Unemployment was highest in the Middle East and North Africa (22%) and sub-Saharan Africa 17% (Marlar, 2012). However, Nigeria‟s unemployment rate is above the sub-region‟s average that increased to 23.9% in 2011 compared with 21.1% in 2010 and 19.7% in 2009 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2012); and is projected to hit 25% by the end of 2012 (USA Embassy in Nigeria, 2012). According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2009:238; 2010:2; 2012), the national unemployment rates for Nigeria between 2000 and 2011 showed that the number of unemployed persons constituted 31.1% in 2000 and it reduced to 11.9% in 2005 but again increased to 23.9% in 2011. Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population with a growth rate of 2.6% per year and the national demography suggests that the youth population remains vibrant with an average annual entrant to the labour force is 1.8m between 2006 and 2011. Yet, majority of the youth has been either unemployed or under -employed between 2006 and 2011. The overall unemployment rose from 12.3% of Labour force to 23.9% (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). A surge in unemployment was witnessed in 2009 due to global/local economic meltdown. The World Bank estimates that 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are unemployed, which accounts for 41% of all unemployed person s (UNHabitat, 2008). From 1990-2000 youth unemployment data showed that the largest group of the unemployed were secondary school graduates. Also, 40% of unemployment rate were among urban youths aged 20 – 24 and 31% of the rate were among those aged 15-19. Two-thirds of the urban unemployed ranged from 15-24 years old. Moreover, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with few dependents (Okafor, 2011). In 2011, the situation became even more critical with 37.7% of Nigerians aged 15-24 and 22.4% of those between ages 25-44 were willing to work but did not get jobs. On average, youth unemployment rate in Nigeria is 46.5% in 2011 (BLG, 2012). As of 2009 when National Bureau of Statistics published unemployment rate at 19.7%, Issa Aremu the Deputy President of the National Labour Congress said, â€Å"Find out about the number of people who applied for the last recruitment by the Nigeria Immigration Service and the Customs Service. When more than a hundred thousand people apply for just about 3000 vacancies, then you should know whether the figures are true† (Ekott, 2010). Unemployment appears to be the root cause o f violence in Nigeria. Research suggests that unemployed youths are disproportionately more likely to be perpetrators, as well as victims of crime and violence (Okafor, 2011). The growing gap between the rich and poor affects the society through increased violence. The self employed are in quandary as scant infrastructure makes it impossible for them to ply their trade (Okafor, 2011). This is exac erbated by political corruption, poverty, poor governance, increasing population, and lack of policy initiatives and implementation to some extent encouraged criminal groups to thrive across Nigeria. This paper examines how youth unemployment contributes to violent crimes across Nigeria. Deprivation Theory of Ted Gurr This classical theory explains why people engage in violence (riots, rebellion, coups, criminal activities etc.). It examines the psychological causes involving frustration and aggression as the primary source of human capacity for violence. Frustration is neither necessary nor sufficient ly leads to violence but greed may drive to violence. Frustration is a much stronger motivating force and prolonged frustration may cause greater probability for aggression. Relative deprivation is the discrepancy between what people think they deserve and what they actually think they can get (Gurr, 1970). It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or objective indicator of deprivation as the source of violence. People can get used to a bad state of affairs, even one that offers so little access to life-sustaining resources that members of the group are starving or dying of remediable diseases or exposure. However, if there is a significant d iscrepancy between what they think they deserve and what they think they will get, there is a likelihood of rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that their expectation cannot be met if the current statuesque is maintained. The first situation may be a desperate one, but it is the se cond that will be frustrating. So frustration produces aggression at individual, group and societal levels. This theory could be used to link rising number of unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria. A country that produce thousands of university graduate every year without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these unemployed graduates. Naturally, there is a feeling of joy and great expectations when a student graduates from a university- these expectations gradually fades away and is replaced by feeling of frustration after some years of joblessness caused by little opportunity the society offers the young graduate. As frustration prolongs and the feeling of deprivation of what that is expected increases, there is a greater probability that the individual or people can resort to illegitimate activities in order to actualise their expectations in the society. The rise in violent crimes (robbery, kidnapping, thuggery, terrorism) committed by youths is a sign of „gap‟ in the society. The society already has expectations for individuals and established means of achieving them. When the means are limited as the youth unemployme nt is 46.5% in 2011, people are forced to achieve the goals through illegal means to fulfil societal expectations. Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unemployed youths view the business lucrative. They are available for recruitment by p oliticians. In the Northern part, they are recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in political, religious and terrorism acts. In the SW Nigeria, they find easy employment in petty criminal activities. The culture must at least accept , if not approve, violent action as a means to an end. This could be the reason why suicide bombing is exclusive to the Northern part of the country as violence is encouraged by some Islamic sects. Political violence is also likely if the current leadershi p and or the socio-economic and political system are seen as illegitimate. Causes of Youth Unemployment in Nigeria The level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status of the economy (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Despite its riches from o il economy, employment in Nigeria is actually falling. The years of corruption, civil war, military rule, and mismanagement have hindered economic growth. Nigeria is endowed with diverse and infinite resources, both human and material but years of neglige nce and adverse policies have led to the under-utilization of these resources. These resources have not been effectively utilized in order to yield maximum economic benefits. These are primary causes of unemployment; however s cholars have identified other causes of unemployment as well ( Adebayo, 1999; Alanana, 2003; Echebiri, 2005; Ayinde, 2008; Morphy, 2008; Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010; and Anyadike et al, 2012) . The first is population growth (140,431,790 as per 2006 census) and is projected to be over 1 80 million by 2020 if the annual growth rate of 3.2% continues (National Population Commission and ICF Macro, 2009). While the population increases, the number of industries growth is dwindling and if nothing serious is done, both population and unemployme nt will continue to rise. The second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills: Some scholars have argued that as far as the formal sector is concerned, the average Nigerian graduate is not employable therefore, does not possess the skill s needed by the employers (Anyadike et al, 2012). This is due to the curricula of most Nigerian schools that do not include entrepreneur skill acquisition to benefit job seekers. The third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that contributed to the demise of small scale and cottage industries operated in both formal and informal sectors. Following the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program in September 1986 that ushered in liberalization, deregulation and devaluation program of the domes tic currency, many of the teething domestic firms collapsed that resulted in serious job losses (Bello, 2003). The fourth is over emphasis on university certificates and neglect of skill acquisition trainings that contributes to youth unemployment. According to Manning and Junankar (1998), the total number of graduates produced in Nigeria was 73,339 in 1986/1987 that rose to 131,016 in 1996/1997. Over 97 universities occur in Nigeria with a demand for higher education while there is problem of unemployment. The reality is that the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed graduates because over 800 industries and 37 factories were closed down in 2009 alone (Anyadike et al, 2012). Nigeria’s Unemployment and Crimes Security is a contextual issue which no state in the international system consigns to the periphery; it is a core-value that makes the state relevant in the international system (Ndifon, et al. 2012). Death rate attributable to violence in Africa is estimated at 60.9 per 100,000 p eople more than twice the global rate (WHO 2004a). Crime and violence have been increasing in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa among unemployed young people. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to increase of violent crime in Nigeria. The accelerating level of prostitution, armed robbery, rape, terrorism and all facets of violence can be largely attributed to the incidence of unemployment. Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the people and has not been driven by higher productivity. The public perception is that there has been little job creation. Many young people who fail to gain employment have become a burden to the employed that bear the re sponsibility of meeting the needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group, a wasting generation. The problem of violent crimes in Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic hardship which has pushed many jobless youths some of whom are graduates into various deadly crimes (Edward, 2011). A 2009 World Bank report on ‘Employment and Growth’, warned that, â€Å"The share of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 outside the labour force is growing, despite the country’s strong growth performance over the years†. Mass sacking in the Central Bank of Nigeria affected 7,500 banking jobs (Allafrica, 2010). The UN-Habitat study on crimes and violence stressed that socio -economic inequality and the lack of opportunities for social advancement and employment are some of th e root causes of crime and violence. Children and youth from disadvantaged families are vulnerable to fall prey to criminal networks. Of the estimated 1 billion people living in slums, over half are under the age of 25, and 40% are estimated to be under the age of 19. They are the primary victims of social exclusion through unemployment, lack of access to health and education (UN -Habitat, 2008). Furthermore, an empirical survey of Children and Youth in Organized Armed Violence in Nigeria, reported that disenchantment and frustration of young people due to mass poverty and unemployment, has increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the emergence of „area boys‟ and Almajiris who target the very society that alienated them (Ibrahim, 2006). The survey concluded that armed militant groups in Nigeria namely Bakassi Boys, O‟ odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and Egbesu Boys were made up of youths within 16 – 17 years (40%), 18 – 19 years (10%), 20 – 21 years (20%), and 20 – 23 years (20%). Approximately 60% of them were unemployed (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Bennel (2000) argued that urban society is becoming increasingly criminalized, especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither homes, nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent o ccurrence of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem, which now seems beyond remedy, has produced army of idle hands and some of them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them with means of livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their property at gunpoint (Ideyi, 2005). The police cannot perform effectively because they are overstretched by the amount of cases that awaits them daily, and is worsened by outdated instruments they use that are no match to the modern sophisticated weapons used by the criminals. The Research Director of the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), Dr Sope Wiliams Elegbe revealed that: â€Å"The increasing poverty in Nigeria is accompanied by increasing unemployment. Unemployment is higher in the nort h than in the south. Mix this situation with radical Islam, which promises a better life for martyrs, and you can understand the growing violence in the north. Government statistics show that the northern states have the highest proportion of uneducated persons. If you link a lack of education and attendant lack of opportunities to a high male youth population, you can imagine that some areas are actually a breeding ground for terrorism† (Oxford Research Group, 2012). The Inspector General of Police, Muhammed Abubakar, has called on the three tiers of government to tackle unemployment in order to reduce crime rate in the country. He expressed concern at the rate youths were resorting to crime as an alternative means of survival due to unemployment: â€Å"We have a lot of graduates and even those who have not attended any school who have nothing to do. It becomes worrisome, when you go round this country and you see the faces of unemployed persons. You begin to wonder that we just have to do what we have to do at the level of federal, state and local governments to begin to plan and put policies in place for the employment of these persons†. (Cruise news, 2012) Conclusion No nation can achieve growth in an atmosphere of violent crimes. The role of Nigeria‟s government must include the formulation of policies and laws that could help improve the economic and social wellbeing of its citizens and deter criminality. There is a need to increase jobs through small enterprises and poverty alleviation schemes. Economic gr owth in Nigeria is not the only solution to curb unemployment as the official statistics illustrate that previous unemployment did not decline economic growth. Other solutions such as the provision of right skills to youth should be given an importance. The study concludes that feeling of deprivation produce frustration and could be expressed through aggression. Therefore if factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in Nigeria are addressed, violent crimes will be reduced. References Adebayo A (1999). Youth Unemployment and National Directorate of Employment Self Employment Programmes. Niger. J. Econ. And Soc. Stud. 41(1): 81-102. Alanana OO (2003). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria: Some Implications for the Third Millennium. Global J. Soc. Sci. 2(1):21-26. Anyadike Nkechi, Emeh Ikechukwu EJ and Ukah Finian Okechukwu (2012). Entrepreneurship development and employment generation in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Journal of Education and General Studies Vol. 1(4) pp. 088-102. Awogbenle, A.C. & Iwuamadi, K.C. (2010). Youth Unemployment: Entrepreneurship Development Programme as an Intervention Mechanism. African Journal of Business Management, 4(6), 831-835. Ayinde OE(2008). Empirical Analysis of Agricultural Growth and Unemployment in Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 3(7):465-468. Cruise news, (2012). To fight crime in Nigeria, we must first fight Unemployment. Available on http://www.cruisenigeria.com Bello, T. (2003). Attacking Unemployment Hurdles in the Fragile Economies of the Sub – Saharan Africa: The Experience of Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the – Economics for the Future – Conference; On the Occasion of the Celebration of 100 Years of Cambridge Economics; Cambridge, United Kingdom Bennel, P, (2000). Improving Youth Livelihood in SS.A Report to the International Development Center. BGL, (2012). Economic Note: The Nigeria’s Paradox of Growth amidst High Poverty Incidence. Retrieved from www.bglgroupng.com Echebiri, R.N. (2005). Characteristics and Determinants of Urban Youth Unemployment in Umuahia, Nigeria: Implications for Rural Development and Alternative Labor Market Variables. A Paper presented at the ISSER/Cornell/World Bank conference on â€Å"Shared Growth in Africa† held in Accra, Ghana, July 21-22. Edward Uzoma Ezedike, (2011). Violent Crimes, Economic Development and the Morality of Capital Punishment in Nigeria: A Retentionist Perspective. Retrieved from www.transcampus.org/journals Ekott, I. (2010). Statistics Bureau puts Nigeria unemployment rate at 19.7 percent . Next News. Retrieved from http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/index.csp Feyisetan BJ (1991). Population growth and the labour force, a study of relationships. Paper presented at a seminar on population and development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. Nigeria June 25-28. Ideyi, N. (2005). The Root Cause of Violence in Nigeria: The Niger Delta Crisis, a Reference Point Manning, C. & Junankar, P.N. (1998). Choosy Youth or Unwanted Youth: A Survey of Unemployment. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 34(1), 55-93. Marlar Jenny, (2012). Global Unemployment at 8% in 2011. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalune mployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+S aharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJ Morphy R. (2008). Nigeria: Youth Unemployment, Poverty – a Time Bomb for Country. Leadership, Wednesday, 27 August National Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Social Statistics in Nigeria. Abuja: The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Statistical News: Labor Force Statistics No. 476. Abuja: The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Bureau of Statistics, (2012). Labour Force Statistics. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng National Population Commission and ICF Macro. (2009). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Ndifon, C.O, Apori, K.A and Ndifon, R.A. (2012). Human Traffickin g in Nigeria: A Metaphor for Human Rights, Crime and Security Violations. American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities (ISSN: 2276 – 6928) Vol.2(3) pp. 84-99. Available on http://www.ajsih.org Okafor, E.E. (2011). Youth Unemployment and Implications for Stability of Democracy In Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. Vol. 13, No.1, 2011 ISSN: 15205509 320 | A j a e g b u  ©AJSIH Vol.2 No.5. (September 2012) 315-321 American Journal of Social Issues & Humanities Vol.2 No.5. (September 2012) Oxford Research Group, (2012). Nigeria: The Generic Context of the Boko Haram Violence. Monthly Global Security Briefing. Retrieved from www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/AprEn12.pdf Population Commission and ICF Macro, (2010). Nigeria: Unemployment – Paradox of Growth. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/nigeria/ Ted Gurr . Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1970. UN-Habitat, (2008). Crime and violence versus employment opportunities in cities and towns. 2nd African Minister ial Conference on Housing and Urban Development. Abuja, Nigeria. Retrieved from www.unhabitat.org United States Embassy in Nigeria, (2012). Nigerian Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://nigeria.usembassy.gov WHO (World Health Organization), 2004a. African Leaders Call for Increased Efforts to Prevent Violence. Press release, July 26. Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville. Retrieved from www.afro.who.int/note_press/2003/pr20030726.html Wikipedia,

Essay on Gay Marriage in Australia

Abstract This is an article supporting same sex marriage in Australia. The paper will also focus on power relations and gender performances. Marriage equality is top on the list as one of the vital issues in Australia now. The paper will therefore focus on the views about same sex marriage in Australia and potential measures that has been taken in attempt to support gay marriage. On the other hand, the empowerment as seen in different genders in relation to their performances will be analyzed in details. For instance, one of the key issues will be on how women’s economic empowerment offers them a better opportunity to exploit the other partner regardless of them having same sex. Introduction Same sex marriage is a recognized marriage between two individuals of the same sex. Same sex marriage, commonly known as gay marriage, is prohibited in Australia. The laws governing marriage in Australia recognizes the marriage between a man and a woman, which is not a good idea. In the same breadth, the laws are very categorical that any couples of the same sex moving in Australia are not recognized as married (Edward, 2008, p 113). In the past, many bills have come on surface in an attempt to approve same sex marriages without success. In the wake of many nations allowing same sex marriages, the government of Australia has adamantly refused to support this idea. In the recent statistics carried out in Australia, 60% of the total population support legalization of same sex marriages, compared to 40% of the total population who do not support the same. In the same study, majority of those supporting the same are Catholics, with only handfuls who are Protestants (Hull, 2006, p 23). There are however many reasons why same sex marriages should be given a chance as there are nothing wrong with them. Power relations and gender performances have become a cause for disagreement in same sex marriages. The sharing of responsibilities in a gay marriage is becoming extremely difficult. In Australian society, studies indicates that, while there were so many cases of couples separating in a normal marriage setting, there has been few cases in the number of separation of same sex marriages. The root cause has been established as misunderstanding in sharing of power, which is mostly affecting the normal marriages. Discussion To begin with, studies that have been carried out in Australia on same sex marriages indicate that, being gay is a choice, which is supported by many citizens saying that it should be respected. Although many factors have been mentioned as the causative agents of gay marriages, they are yet to be proved. Some of the well-known factors include family background, peer pressure, the sexual nature of a person, sexual experiences both voluntary and involuntary, and influence more so by technology and lastly an individual’s choice (Merin, 2002, p 212). The above-mentioned factors should not count anywhere in making of a decision whether to be gay or not. The notion that has been there that same sex marriages, are putting the future generation at risk should not be taken seriously. This new trend should be given rights just like any other group out there. Considering the fact that, there is nothing wrong with gay marriage; organizations are being established to fight for the rights of the gay people. This has proven to offer strict opposition to the government. This is in form of introduction of bills for marriage equality to the Senate (Hull, 2006, p 169). This has proved very difficult, owing to the fact that, the bill does not receive the required number of legislators to warrant it to be effected. However, although the government has refused to pass these bills, gay community continues to receive more support from some of the churches in Australia. As a result, more teenagers have embraced same sex marriages and they are practicing it. They too have seen nothing wrong with it. In a recent study sponsored by the Australian authority in the year 2010, it was found out that, the development of technology has greatly contributed to the rise in same sex marriages. This is because websites for gay people have been established (McDonald, 1999, p 175). These sites have made it easier for gay people to interact and start relationships. This has come as good news to the gay community as more people have joined them. Technology has proved to act in the favor of gay marriages in Australia and this is making it easy for them to gain popularity and more followers, thanks to technology. In the wake of gay marriages, power relations, and gender performances has equally risen up. Although this has become the cause of disagreement in these marriages, gay people are able to sort out their problems. For a normal couple, the husband is known to be the head thus signifying that he has more power than the wife does. As for gay relationships, it is easy to establish who the husband is and who the wife is. However, they organize themselves in such a way that there is one who exhibits manly duties thus making them the head (Merin, 2002, p 312). This makes them in charge or to have more powers than the other. Although this is the case, some couples decide that no one is more superior to the other. The fact that they are of the same gender justifies that. The issue of gender performance has moved from bad to worse with an increase of many couples moving to marriage experts in Australia to seek help. What has shocked many in Australia is that, while it might appear strange, gay marriages acknowledge the aspect of husband and wife. Because of this, they too follow the same trend whereby they each take respective roles. For example if the couple comprises of women, the woman who takes the manly role has to do everything like a man. This is also evident if the couple comprises of two men. The performance of the marriage as a unit in the Australian society has greatly improved as gay marriages are improving daily more than normal marriages (Edward, 2008, p 133). As a result, many people in Australian have over time changed their perception about gay marriages. Since 2004, the marriage act in Australia has had it that, marriage is only between a man and a woman, I completely disagree with that. According to the Australian law, same sex marriages are not recognized (Edward, 2008, p 147). Although there is a disposition that gay marriages are a threat to continuity of life, it should not be taken seriously. The gay marriages have not only played a role in strengthening marriage set up but they have also improved it. This among many other reasons is should be taken into consideration and serve as a wake up call for the government in Australia to allow gay marriages. Something worthy noting is that, while the laws in Australia do not support same sex marriage, there are those who strongly feel that, same sex marriage should be given a chance to blossom in Australia. In support of this, a bill was presented in the Senate in the year 2006. Its aim was to reverse the marriage amendment bill in 2004 (Newton, 2009, p 202). It would have provided equal status, treatment, and recognition for all the gay couples. They would no longer be discriminated against once it was passed. Unfortunately, it was stalled or rather put on hold. Currently it is on parliament’s bill lists. Same sexes as well as heterosexual couples were not recognized. Australia has definitely remained concrete on its war on same sex marriages (Edward, 2008, p 444). Due to this, the gay community in Australia has not only been excommunicated from the society but also remained underground to avoid being apprehended by the authority. As if not ready to give up, a similar bill pushing for recognition of gay marriages in Australia re-surfaced in 2008. This was a back up of the previous one. Unfortunately, it suffered the same fate as that of 2006. After sometime, another bill called the Marriage Equality Amendment Bill was introduced in 2009. It vied for marriage rights for same sex couples. It would remove all discriminatory references based on sexuality and gender identity. This would allow marriages regardless of sex, gender, and sexuality. The report for this was negative and this led to demonstrations. Though mass demonstrations were held, the Senate rejected the bill. The rift between those supporting gay marriage and those against it has been there for quite sometime now. Since 1961, the fight for and against gay marriages has never ended. Up to now, it is continuing showing that it is not an issue to be undermined. Bills have been introduced but have not yet passed the second stage yet in parliament. They are still on Australian parliament’s current bill lists. With the number of gay marriages supporters, the Australian government has received a big challenge (McDonald, 1999, p 267). It is being pushed from all ends. In a recent study, statistics show that a good number of citizens are in support of gay marriages. The number has grown steadily. The gay people are about to have their dream come true which is to be recognized by the government. They want their marriages to be treated equally as the other ordinary marriage between a man and woman. The power then lies on the Australian government whether it is going to allow it or not. As pressure continue amounting on the Australian government to legalize gay marriages, effects for this continues to be seen. The gay community has in the past-organized protests fighting for their rights as human beings besides demands to be recognized. They were right to push for their rights, as other people in the society did not approve of them and their actions (Newton, 2009, p 278). Their gay nature to the others was something immoral and so the fact that they were ordinary people but with different sexual desires was overlooked. They were treated harshly. This gave them an opportunity to go forth and fight for their rights as well as vying for recognition of their gay nature by the government mostly. A protest that comprised eight thousand gay people was held an indication that they were out to fight for their rights. Conclusion For the simple fact that same sex marriages have been legalized in many countries of the world, gay people in Australia have a feeling that they also should be allowed to do so. For this reason, it has however not been a smooth sailing for the Australian government in its quest to ban same sex marriages (Hull, 2006, p 203). Civil unions have been established strongly backing this issue of same sex marriages. They proved to be somewhat advantaged as same sex couples were being financially discriminated against in 2007. This was a strong accusation against the Australian government. However, this was overlooked because with power, one can do anything and that is what happened. Since the government had power, it did not consider this as it would mean defeat. The issue of power and gender performance is not ending any time soon in gay marriages. As each party continues pulling towards his/her direction, it remains to be seen how the Australian government will solve this menace. With gay marriages becoming socially acceptable in many nations, organizations supporting same sex marriages continue to put pressure on the Australian government to allow them. It is only time which will tell how whether the gay fraternity have any future in Australia or not. Bibliography: Edward, P. 2008. Conflict of laws in Australia London: Butterworths publishers, 3-808 Hull, K. 2006. Same-sex marriage: the cultural politics of love and law Cambridge:   Cambridge University Press, 4-277 McDonald, P. 1999. Marriage in Australia: age at first marriage and proportions marrying,   1860-1971 Dept. of Demography, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National University, 2-311 Merin, Y. 2002. Equality for same-sex couples: the legal recognition of gay partnerships in Australia and the United States Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2-397 Newton, D. 2009. Gay and lesbian rights: a reference handbook Contemporary world issues (2) New York: ABC-CLIO publishers, 3-301

Women s Serenity Group Of Alcoholics Anonymous - 1585 Words

I attended my first 12 Step Meeting on September 20, 2016, the Women’s Serenity Group of Alcoholics Anonymous. It was held at the Providence Presbyterian Church and was an open meeting for women only. My second 12 Step Meeting was a Narcotics Anonymous Meeting on September 30, 2016. This was an open meeting at Quail Hollow Presbyterian Church called Back to Basics. My third 12 Step Meeting was an open Al-Anon Meeting held at St Matthews Catholic Church on October 3, 2016. I was very apprehensive about going to a 12 Step Meeting. This was an unknown to me and out of my comfort zone. I was nervous because I did not know what to expect. I felt uncomfortable at the thought of going to a 12 Step Meeting. I thought I might know someone or someone might know me at the meeting. I didn’t want to invade anyones privacy nor did I want anyone to think I had a substance abuse disorder. Because I do not have personal experience with addiction my imagination was ramped comin g from movies and negative stereotypes . I imagined AA and NA Meetings to be filled with people that would look like the movie addicts, people with untidy appearances and borderline offensive hygiene with tobacco and coffee breath. I even imagined there would be a few people drunk or high and even a few swaying in their chairs. I then imagined an Al-Anon meeting filled with emotional mothers and fathers, distraught spouses and unstable children. I pictured AA, NA andAl-Anon Meetings as very depressing,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Attendence of an Aa Meeting in March 20081092 Words   |  5 PagesName of Group Attended: Alcoholics Anonymous Facility and Location of Group Attended: Date and Time of Group Attended: 3/30/08 at 7 p.m. Name of Group Leader: Bill A. A description of the group purpose and setting, providing enough information to let the instructor understand the group set-up. The main purpose of this meeting is for the attendants to stay sober and help other members achieve and/or maintain sobriety. The only requirement of attending is the desire to stop drinkingRead MoreAn Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesPerspective on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting I was given this assignment to do as an observation on an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting and had to write a paper on what I have observed. I did not know if I could do this without feeling self-indulgence toward the members. After speaking to a member, I could not believe the sensation of listening to that person’s short history of battling Alcoholism. I m glad to be there to learn their negative and positive outcomes in their lives. Group Information IRead MoreThe Importance Of A Counseling Student Studying Chemical Dependency957 Words   |  4 Pagesassigned to attend two 12-step meetings to better understand the 12-step process. I attended two Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) meetings at the Episcopal Church in Starkville; MS. AA is a worldwide fellowship of alcoholic men and women who are banded together to solve their common problems and to help fellow sufferers in recovery from alcoholism. These particular Alcoholics Anonymous meeting opened with a serenity prayer, a reading of the AA preamble, a daily reflection, and various other readings. The individualsRead MoreNA Reaction paper1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meeting Reaction Paper Denisha Hightower Morgan State University Dr. Anthony Estreet 4/15/15 The Narcotics Anonymous meeting which I attended was named 7 Days of NA which was located on 1212 North Wolfe Street at an organization called Dee’s Place. Just as the Alcoholic Anonymous meeting previously attended, the location appeared to be in a covert and quiet place to hold a support group. We entered through the rear entrance, which seemed to be staged thatRead MoreA Glimpse Inside Alcoholics Anonymous1662 Words   |  7 PagesA Glimpse Inside Alcoholics Anonymous â€Å"Animated in the spirit of Jesus Christ, we value all individuals’ unique talents, respect their dignity, and strive to foster their commitment to excellence in our work. Our community’s strength depends on the unity and diversity of our people, on the free exchange of ideas, and on learning, living, and working harmoniously (Saint Leo University Core Values, Respect). Introduction. I decided I wanted to visit an Alcoholics Anonymous group meeting in my localRead MoreThe Is The Static Procedure Of A.a Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pagesconcerning the lack of research; criticisms of religious connotation, sexism, and the complexities of addiction will demonstrate whether or not the A.A. program is in need of further development. The Efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous A.A. (Alcoholics Anonymous), the beginning of the Twelve-Step recovery format, has been in operation since 1935 (Galanter, 2014). From the time when it first began, to the year 2014, A.A. has reportedly grown to approximately two million members worldwideRead MoreMy Visit to an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting2384 Words   |  10 PagesOn February 27, 2014, I visited an Alcohol Anonymous (A.A) therapeutic group meeting called Another Chance. Another Chance is an intergroup meeting located inside the Concord Baptist Church of Christ, at 833 Gardner C. Taylor Boulevard, Brooklyn, NY 11216. Another Chance has been in operation for over thirty years, and holds open discussion meetings on alcohol use and prevention, every Thursday from six in the evening until seven o’clock. This group interaction with alcohol substance use and abuseRead MoreEssay about Alcoholic Anonymous and Al-Anon Meetings2729 Words   |  11 PagesAlcoholic Anonymous and Al-Anon Groups Nicole P. Thompson SWK-339 Coker College Professor: Jean D. Keefe April 13, 2009 Abstract Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Al-Anon groups have helped a lot of people become sober, and to deal with an alcoholic family member. It takes a lot for a person to first admit to having a drinking problem, and then share their experiences with a room full of people. If they want help, that is what they have to do. Research on two AA meetings provided a lot ofRead MoreSpirituality and Substance Abuse Recovery Essay2818 Words   |  12 Pagespossible if an addict forgets that he or she has a disease that is incurable and succumbs to the enticement of â€Å"just this one time can’t hurt† or has the thought that â€Å"I have been clean for so long. I am cured.† Bill W. stated in his book Alcoholics Anonymous that â€Å"This is the baffling feature of alcoholism as we know it-this utter inability to leave it alone, no matter how great the necessity or the wish† (pg. 34). Complete abstinence is the only choice for those with the disease of addictionRead M oreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced

The Effects Of Video Games On The Brain - 1585 Words

The Effect of Video Games on the Brain In today’s society, the concerns for the effects of video games have acquired quite a terrible reputation. Worried parents around the world assume video games make their children do poorly in school, and create violent, desensitized, antisocial children. The increase in violent games, usually get the blame for aggressive behavior, shootings and violence in schools and young individuals. Most beliefs about video games effect on the brain and emotions are very common misconceptions. I strongly believe that video games are an essential tool to learning and gaining much-needed skills. When people look at the studies that have been done on video games and the brain, it will be apparent that some myths about video games have been blown out of proportion. It has come to my attention that there are studies that prove the negative effects of video games may only last the duration of game play. Kids can improve in general knowledge with educational video games like Leap Frog. Video games can train specific areas of the brain as well as increase brain flexibility and memory. Gaming actually has more beneficial effects than negative effects. Video games are excellent educational implement used in elementary schools. It is extremely helpful in brain development and helping kids with trouble reading improve. Memory retention can be improved and increased with the use of strategic, thinking games. Video games, as funny as it might sound, even promoteShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Video Games On The Brain1212 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of video games on the brain Video games are a enormous part in the world today. â€Å"More than 150 million people in the United States play video games regularly or for at least three hours per week. The number of sales has increased and in 2016, 24.5 billion games were sold, up from 23.2 billion in 2015.† â€Å"This Type of Video Game May Actually Harm Your Brain.† written by Mahita Gajanan is my positive article and â€Å"How Video Games Affect the Brain.† written by Hannah Nichols is my negative articleRead MoreVideo Games Positive And Negative Effects1317 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent years, video games have played an important role in the field of education and in treating psychological patients. Video games are a form of self-indulgence, which often provide unique and engaging environments that train players to think fast and resourcefully. With the right design and mechanics, they can facilitate learning and cognitive thinking in diverse levels .Computer games can be used in children with mental health issues, psychological disorders and in chronic disordersRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Video Games Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games began in the late 1960s. It is highly interactive but also a distinct simulation of the real world and the world of thinking. In recent years, Video games have been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate and have developed into a common form of entertainment in peoples lives. According to a survey, the researcher found that in 1992, approximately ninety-two percent of U.S. kids between 2 and 17 years of age play video games, and their parents bought 225 million of them last year toRead MoreFactors That Are Damage To A Childs Brain Case Study1109 Words   |  5 PagesFactors That Are Damaging to the Child’s Brain The BBC News suggests that a child’s brain becomes fully developed during the early thirties. This means that parents and guardians should be aware of their actions and what impact they have on a child’s brain. Whether a child grows up in an institute, orphanage, or house, there is still a probability that their caretakers can cause brain damage. This is an important problem in our community as well as in our country due to the fact that many do notRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games and Violence 1169 Words   |  5 Pagescentury, video games have become quite an attraction among people of all ages and culture. A statistic showed that the age bracket for video gaming ranges from eight to forty year olds (Baran, 2012). With the (moving ahead or up) of technology, video games also have (moving ahead or up) in its interest in whats lifelike and real and (types of writing or art). The technologies allowed video games to become very fancy (or smart) and realistic. This typ e of (moving ahead or up) had brought the Video gamingRead MoreVideo Games Enhance Cognitive Skills1372 Words   |  6 PagesDespite video games being known for promoting anger and becoming addictive, it is shown that in recent studies some video games enhance cognitive skills. It is seen that action games enhance cognitive skills and that â€Å"brain training† games do very little in improving these skills because of lack in critical features. In fairly recent studies about neuroplasticity in the brain, Daphne Bavelier and C. Shawn Green stumbled upon a discovery that certain participants were scoring well above averageRead MoreViolent Video Games Should Be Banned Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesviolent video game become more and more advanced. The effects of media violence on video games has been increasing in people’s daily life. It is still be an issue and have a lot of debate on whether or not violent video games should be banned. In this essay, violent video games can be defined by RWJF Blog Team as those video game which represent violence as the best or only way to resolve conflict.( Pioneering ideas 2010). This essay will discussed by two reasons for violent video game shouldRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Video Games We see it everywhere we go, video games. Kids and adults are being captivated over the new video games that are coming out. Call of Duty, Battlefield,Uncharted; these are the games that people are enjoying and becoming fascinated with. What do all of those things have in common? There is only one answer and that is violence. Fighting, shooting, killing, these are the things that video games bring to the table and stimulate people s minds. We should ask ourselves whetherRead MoreViolent Video Games Effects On Children934 Words   |  4 Pagestodays’ society is Violent video games effect negatively on youngsters. This issue is growing because many of these games are featured aggressive elements that lead youngsters towards violence. For most players, video games are fun but also violent games take over the lives of some player. Since the world of video games was started in the 1980s, the video games still getting new level of popularity in this world. Most people are getting really addictive of these violent video games. The first importantRead More##gies Implemented In A Complex Videogame On Functional Connectivity Of Attentional Networks1237 Words   |  5 PagesMichelle W., et al. Effects of Training Strategies Implemented in a Complex Videogame on Functional Connectivity of Attentional Networks. Neuroimage, vol. 59, no. 1, 02 Jan. 2012, pp. 138-148. EBSCOhost Participants were recruited if they had had played video games for 3 hours or less a week for the past 2 years. Participants also had no prior head or neck injuries and were all aware how to aim. The participants were asked to play the game â€Å"Space fortress†, which is a game that requires the player

Does It Affect Culture as Much as Culture Affects It Free Essays

Semiotics in Fashion Photography: Does it affect culture as much as culture affects it? Introduction Fashion Photography has taken quite the belittling from the conventional world of photography. Where other forms of photography ‘naturally capture beauty, fashion photography is have said to be too meticulous in ‘setting up’ the photograph.. We will write a custom essay sample on Does It Affect Culture as Much as Culture Affects It? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brooked states that, â€Å"fashion advertising, in particular, is seen as negating the purity of the bibliographic image. We see the typical [in fashion photography] instead of the unique moment or event. † Despite such an outlook on fashion photography, it has received thorough analysis and academic attention from the likes of Breathes, Wilson, Anderson, Brooked and Kumara. Breathes has taken fashion photography and placed it within a seismological framework, where he applies the semiotics into fashion photography as a meaner of communication through the signs and symbols for any photographs. Culture revolves around fashion photography. Or is it the other way round? It has become apparent that semiotics is greatly relevant to fashion photography, and assign is an excellent example off ‘identity-image producing media’. Fashion is an incredibly distinct language itself, and â€Å"emblematic the essence of its social context†. With that, is culture affected, or is the fashion photography affected by culture? With this essay I will be investigating the idea of whether culture is affected by fashion photography, or does fashion photography dictate our culture. Enquiry Outcomes I will be exploring the world of semiotics and how relevant it is to fashion photography and using it to solve the question of; whether fashion photography allow culture or dictates it. We take it for granted that fashion photography is something we pass by everyday, something that we do not pay very much attention to detail in our everyday lives and we don’t know how much it really affects our culture to a certain degree. With this essay I will propose the idea of culture either being the one affected and dictated by fashion photography or the vice versa. Feasibility of proposed enquiry Fashion is constantly everywhere around us, and I will take advantage of the fact that I live in a world surrounded by fashion. For my research I will be gathering large amounts of my facts and data from online sources, Journals and e-books, and if possible from books, and my own observational analysis from fashion magazines and opinions of audiences. My aim for this essay is to analyses and conceptualize the semiotics in fashion photography, coming to the conclusion of how much it affects society and culture. With my own analysis of fashion photography I will come to the conclusion of either end of the spectrum. Relevance of enquiry to personal practice Through the research that I acquire and what I learn, I think it is important to broaden my aspects of skill to other industries. The fashion industry is not too far from the design, and I think as being one of the most ‘communicative languages’ through visual meaner, fashion is an important step to understanding wholly of what makes the world tick through visuals. As an inspiring designer and photographer, I would like to use this practice to benefit me in constructing my own meanings in works and to conceptualize them on my own in the future. Bibliography 1 . Jacobsen, M. 008) Semiotics, Fashion and Cognition. Unknown. A paper that concentrates on â€Å"Rolando Breathes early cosmologically inspired theory of fashion and discusses how this theory can be revised to fit later cognitive theories of language and semiotics. † Has a considerate large amount of relevant information pertaining to my essay. 2. Breathes, R. (2006). The Language of Fashion. Oxford: Berg Pu blishers. The original source of placing fashion photography into a semiotic framework, I will base most of my essay towards Breathes theories of semiotics in fashion. 3. Rhodes, A Galoot, R. A semiotic analysis of high fashion advertising. Http:// www. Garrotes. Com/Semiotics andafashionF Though I will be focusing more of fashion photography, advertising does play a great role, and fashion photography is basically the significant part of fahsfashionertising. Through this source it concentrates more on a fashion advertising aspect and describes the art of it. 4. httpHttpews. mongMonogamym/Com5/0507chicaTinaler. htmlHTMLs is a paper done by Tina Butler on BartBreathesshion Photography as semiotics: BartBreathes the limitations of classification. Here Butler describes the details of semiotics, how they work in fashion photography and analyzes BartBreathesory in such a framework. 5. Stone, R. A Semiotic Analysis of Four Designer Clothing Advertisements http:// www. aberBaber. AC/mUKia/SstuStudents9robbersmlHTMLpite this source focusing more on an advertising aspect rather than photography, ultimately those two will always go together. Through a more thorough and focused analysis of brands, ads and the semiotics they present I can further contconceptualizehion photography in a semiotic framework. How to cite Does It Affect Culture as Much as Culture Affects It?, Papers

Role of Central Bank in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Report for the Role of Central Bank in Australia. Answer: Introduction The present report examines and analyses the role of central bank of Australia. In this context, it evaluates the role of central bank in Australia in implementing monetary policy, current economic environment of Australia, examination of effectiveness of monetary policy of the country, impact of the global issues on monetary policy and budget repair and the role of Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) in dealing with credit and operational risk. At last, the report also provides some recommendations to the central bank of the country in improving the economic growth of Australia. Role of a central bank in Australia in implementing monetary policy and regulatory requirements imposed on the central bank in performing its responsibilities The Reserve Bank of Australia is the central bank of Australia that is responsible for developing monetary policy of the country. The monetary policy of the country takes major decisions involved in establishing interest rate in the financial markets. The board of Reserve bank of Australia determines the interest rates for meeting the objectives determined in the Reserve Bank Act 1959. The major objectives determined in the Reserve Bank Act 1959 are stabilizing the countrys currency, maintaining full employment and promoting economic prosperity and welfare of people in the country (Bishop, 2012). Thus, taking decisions regarding the interest rate is the main responsibility of the central bank of Australia that it performs through maintaining a uniform monetary policy in the country. The monetary policy developed through central bank of the country aims to promote sustainable growth of the economy through controlling inflation rates. Thus, the Reserve Bank of Australia encourages the long-term growth of the countrys economy through stabilizing the interest rates through the help of monetary policy developed. The monetary policy developed by the Reserve Bank Board forms a base on which the structure of interest rates in the country is established (Mayes and Toporowski, 2007). The Reserve Bank of Australia conducts its operations under the supervision of Council of Financial Regulators (CFR), Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and the Australian Treasury. The central bank of the country regulatory shares its views and opinions with all these regulatory bodies for maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the countrys financial system. The Reserve Bank of Australia has also membership in Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) that regulates the reforms imposed by the central bank on the financial system of the country (International Monetary Fund, 2012). The FSB examines and evaluates the vulnerabilities impacting the financial system and suggest possible measures to be implemented by the central bank in addressing them. On the other hand, BCBS develops the international framework for prudence regulation of the countrys banks. The Reserv e Bank of the country works in co-operation with CFR agencies in the condition on occurrence of any crisis thus maintaining the financial stability. The CFR agencies advise the central bank of Australia about resolving the distress in the financial markets in emergency conditions (International Monetary Fund, 2012). Current economic environment of Australia The economy of Australia is categorized presently as one of the largest mixed economy internationally with GDP of approximately $1.62 trillion. The current economic growth of the country is estimated to be about 3.3% with inflation rate of 1.3 per cent. The Reserve Bank of Australia has presently kept the interest rates very low at about 1.75 per cent. This is mainly done by the central bank of the country to maintain a continuous economic growth despite of the decline in business investment (Letts and Ong, 2016). The lower interest rates is maintained by the RBA for meeting the demands of the domestic sector and thus to reduce the inflation. The RBA has developed and implemented the monetary policy for managing the exchange and interest rates in order to achieve the domestic objectives. The monetary policy developed by the bank plays a major role in overcoming the situation of high inflation through adjusting the interest rates. The conditions of high inflation may negatively impact the economic growth of the country by disturbing the price equilibrium. Thus, the monetary policy of RBA is particularly aimed at achieving lower positive inflation rate for maintaining the flexibility in the price systems (Campbell, 2016). In addition to this, the monetary policy of the country has also taken into account a short-run trade-off between inflation and employment. This is done mainly to achieve the determined target of inflation as set up by the RBA. The short-run trade-off policy aims at easing of monetary policy under the conditions of any emergency for stimulating the economic growth. As such, the monetary policy of the country plays a pivotal role in cash market by influencing the short-term interest rates for overnight borrowing (OECD, 2014). The monetary policy of RBA HAS ALSO significant effect on the asset prices as stock returns is highly influenced by the increase or decrease in the cash rate. As per the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the monetary policy has a direct impact on the prices of assets through influencing their expected future returns. The participants in the financial markets make changes in their portfolio as per the changes implemented by the RBA in the monetary policy. The ch anges in the interest rate determined in the monetary policy announced by RBA cause significant changes in the financial markets through influencing the asset prices and yields. The increase in interest rate can enhance the asset prices and yields significantly and vice-versa (OECD, 2014). Analysis of Mr. Morrisons comments that central bank effectiveness has been exhausted Mr. Morrison in the article The Australian Treasurer has argued that the effectiveness of monetary policy developed by the central bank has exhausted. Mr. Morrison has stated that ability of monetary policy developed by the RBA is diminishing with cash rate at a record of 1.5 per cent. Thus, as per Mr. Morrison the effectiveness of central bank rate cuts has diminished and thus has opposed the further cuts in interest rates by RBA (Ryan, 2016). The comment made by Mr. Morrison can be said to be reasonable as the RBA should consider more opportunities for maintaining economic growth rather than reducing the interest rates more. The banking sector is largely negatively impacted by the negative interest rate policy through reduction in deposit rates. Also, the negatives rates on deposits can cause households and business to withdraw their cash from the bank thus causing instability in the financial market. Mr. Morrison in the article has suggested the use of alternative measures such as increasing the income of people and uplifting their living standards. The banking sector of the country is also emphasizing on the importance of fiscal policy for creating economic expansion (Caution over rate cuts 'reasonable': RBA, 2016). Fiscal policy would help the government of the country to control the expenditure and tax rates and thus regulating the money supply. Thus, the establishing the fiscal policy would help the government of the country to use its revenue and expenditure sources for monetary stimulus in the country rather than cutting the interest rates. The current monetary policy developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia is losing its effectiveness as low interest rates are creating a pressure on the prices lading to accumulation of debts (Kehoe, 2016). The low interest rates maintained by the RBA would only lead to a short-term increase in the economic activity and can cause disrupt in the financial stability in the long-run. Thus, it can be said that the Mr. Morrison statement regarding the monetary policy ineffectiveness is reasonable as low interest rates maintained by RBA is posing several challenges to the stability of the financial system (Ryan, 2016). Impact of the global issues on making monetary policy and budget repair difficult in Australia The global financial crisis had a huge impact on making the monetary policy and budget repair difficult in Australia. The global issues that occurred after the occurrence of financial crisis such as collapse of large financial institutions negatively impacted the financial markets globally. The main reason behind the global financial crisis was collapse of US sub-prime mortgage market and busting of housing boom that results in disruption of global financial system. In addition to this, the withdrawal of the UK from European Union known as Brexit is further resulting in global financial stability. The weakening of the global financial systems resulted in posing several challenges before the monetary policy of Australia and making budget repair difficult. Brexit is also likely to have a wide impact on the US presidential election and the political system of the country. This is due to the large impact of the Brexit on the global economy recession. The fallout of Brexit has resulted in slowing down of economic growth and causing volatility in the financial market. The central banks are proving to be largely ineffective in maintaining the stability of the global financial system. This is mainly due to weakening of the British Currency and the U.S. has to look for new partners from the European Union countries (How Brexit Will Change the World, 2016). Thus, the instability in the global financial system is further posing challenges before the Australias monetary policy effectiveness. The negative interest rate is creating pressure on the RBA decisions for further policy action. This can cause upward pressure on the Australian dollar with monetary policy becoming largely ineffective for further cutting down the interest rates. The government of Australia has only a potential option of implementing a fiscal policy on creating a match between government expenditure and revenues thus strengthening the Australian dollar (Assessing the implications of negative interest rates, 2016). However, with the weakening of the global financial system the Australian government is facing the challenge of increasing the tax revenue due to global recession. This would further cause the budget repair rather difficult and thus can hamper the successful implementation of fiscal policy by the government. The increase in housing prices in Sydney is furthe r disrupting the financial system with upward pressure on the Australian dollar. Thus, the global issues such as financial crisis and fallout of Brexit are making monetary policy and budget repair difficult in Australia (Heath, 2016). Discussion on Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) dealing with credit, liquidity, operating and interest rate risks in Australia and use of Basel Records to deal with these risks Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) includes banks and credit unions of Australia that have gain authority from Australian government under the Banking Act 1959 to take deposits from customers. The ADIs are developed by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) for greater supply of funds that are gained directly from the capital markets. The rationale behind the concept of ADIs in Australia is to manage properly the deposits of investors by protecting it from the operational and interest rate risk (Apra Insight, 2012). The credit, liquidity, operational and interest-rate risk is lower for ADIs industry in Australia and thus is responsible for the large success of authorized deposit taking institutions in the country. The industry has remained profitable and well-capitalized and has not gained recession over the past 20 years in the Australia. The banking sector globally faces large risk on account of the bank restructuring as it is impacted directly with significant c hanges in the European Union rules and regulations. The ADIS however faces lower risk as it is not directly exposed to the fund markets and have limited exposure to economies of the European Union. Thus, global volatility has lower impact on the ADIs thus they effectively deal with credit, liquidity, operating and interest rate risk in Australia (Apra Insight, 2012). In addition to this, Basel Accords that are mainly the regulations of the banking sector namely Basel I, II, III also largely helps in dealing with capital and market risk. The banking regulations are established by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision for ensuring that financial institutions have sufficient supply of funds for meeting their obligations (Peterson Institute, 2008). The Basel I that is first Basel accord aims at reducing the capital risk that is managing credit and liquidity risk faced by the baking institutions. As per the Basel I, all the banks globally are required to have a risk weight of 8% or less. The second Basel accord, Basel II, specially aims at reducing the market risk by encouraging sound banking practices. At last, Basel Accord III directs banks to maintain a minimum liquidity and equity ratio for preventing the occurrence of any financial crisis (Onyiriuba, 2015). Conclusion Thus, it can be summarized from the overall discussion held in the report that Reserve Bank of Australia plays a central role in regulating the monetary conditions in the country. The RBA is responsible for developing and implementing monetary policy that regulates interest rates in the country. However, RBA needs to adopt strong measures for enhancing the effectiveness of monetary m policy in order to stimulate the economic growth of the country that is slowing down due to global challenges. In addition to this, ADIs and Basel accords in Australia plays a large role in dealing with credit, liquidity, operational and interest-rate risks. Recommendations Thus, it can be recommended to the Reserve Bank of Australia on the basis of the overall discussion that it needs to make its monetary policy more effective by strengthening the economic growth of the country. The government of Australia is recommended to implement a fiscal policy in addition to monetary policy for promoting the growth of the banking sector. The RBA should develop a proper regulatory framework for protecting the impact of global issues on the economic growth of the Australia (Blanchard and Sheen, 2013). The fallout of Brexit is posing several challenges before the RBA and the Australian government to ensure the effectiveness of monetary policy and repairing the budget deficit. The low-interest rates is negatively impacting the business investment thus causing the decrease in tax revenue collected by the government. This is responsible for trade deficit in the country and thus the government of the country is recommended to adopt a strong fiscal policy for creating a match between tax revenue and expenditure (Canavan, 2016). Also, it should support the growth of ADIs industry in order to mitigate the liquidity and interest-rate risks as they do not have a direct exposure to euro economies as compared to that of banking sector. The APRA should also properly implement the Basel Accords for adequately managing the operational and market risk. References Apra Insight. (2012). Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.apra.gov.au/Insight/Documents/12-Insight-issue-2.pdf Assessing the implications of negative interest rates. (2016). Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2016/html/sp160728.en.html Bishop, T. (2012). Money, Banking and Monetary Policy. Lulu.com. Blanchard, O. and Sheen, J. (2013). Macroeconomics: Australasian Edition. Pearson Higher Education AU. Campbell, F. (2016). The Implementation of Monetary Policy: Domestic Market Operations. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.rba.gov.au/mkt-operations/resources/implementation-mp.html Canavan, G. (2016). Why Fiscal Policy Is About to Make a Comeback. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.dailyreckoning.com.au/fiscal-policy-make-comeback/2016/10/10/ Caution over rate cuts 'reasonable': RBA. (2016). Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.skynews.com.au/business/business/market/2016/10/18/caution-over-rate-cuts--reasonable---rba.html Heath, M. (2016). Australia Rejoins Global Disinflation Fight With Record Low Rate. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-02/rba-cuts-rates-to-record-low-to-counter-low-inflation-weak-jobs How Brexit Will Change the World. (2016). Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/brexit-change-europe-britain-us-politics-213990 International Monetary Fund. (2012). Australia: Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking SupervisionDetailed Assessment of Observance. International Monetary Fund. Kehoe, J. (2016). Scott Morrison: No more RBA interest rate cuts. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://reia.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/10-Oct-Scott-Morrison-No-more-RBA-interest-rate-cuts.pdf Letts, S. and Ong, T. (2016). Interest rates left on hold by Reserve Bank at 1.75 per cent. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-07/reserve-bank-leaves-interest-rates-on-hold-at-june-meeting/7484882 Mayes, D. and Toporowski, J. (2007). Open Market Operations and Financial Markets. Routledge. OECD. (2014). OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2014. OECD Publishing. Onyiriuba, L. (2015). Emerging Market Bank Lending and Credit Risk Control: Evolving Strategies to Mitigate Credit Risk, Optimize Lending Portfolios, and Check Delinquent Loans. Academic Press. Peterson Institute.( 2008). Banking on Basel: The Future of International Financial Regulation. Ryan, P. (2016). Reserve Bank's interest rate cutting capacity may be at an end: Treasurer Scott Morrison. Retrieved on 2 December, 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-10/scott-morrison-rba-capacity-to-cut-interest-rates-end/7918334