Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Essay

Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Exposed to Cocaine in Utero - Essay Example Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Exposed to Cocaine in Utero Another aspect of self regulation is heart rate: â€Å"Specifically, HR is predictive of later cognitive development and may impact reactivity to external stressors. An elevated resting HR is indicative of a higher level of physiological arousal which impacts both the quality and quantity of infant responsiveness to stimulation† (Schuetze 2006). Clearly, an elevated infant heart rate can be indicative of over-stimulation and a precursor to later cognitive developmental delays. Other aspects of self regulation or homeostasis that are thought to be affected by cocaine use in utero are respiration, blood pressure, sleep patterns, and body temperature. Studies have also indicated that cocaine use by pregnant women reduces blood flow to the placenta and causes fetal vasoconstriction. The placenta is the virtual nutrient source for the fetus. Adequate blood flow to the placenta and overall placental health are critical to fetal health. Cocaine is responsible for inducing the release of certain body chemicals called serotonin and/or epinephrine. The release of these two chemicals has a direct affect on vascular tone and therefore affects the vascular health of the fetus as well as the placental blood flow. Fetuses which develop in utero with a less than healthy placenta experience both short and long term developmental effects as well as defects.

A play which explores the effect of relationships Essay Example for Free

A play which explores the effect of relationships Essay Task: Choose a play which explores relationships in a family/community. What strengths and/or weaknesses are apparent in these relationships and what is the overall effect on the family/community. A play which explores the effect of relationships in a family and community is â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† by William Shakespeare. The relationship between Romeo and Juliet, themselves, is key to the play and this relationship also embodies the family feud discussed in the play. Shakespeare conveys the lovers’ relationship as one built upon utter trust and devotion. Yet it is ill-fated due to the ancient feud between their families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The family grudge holds great importance and affects the lives of every citizen in the town of Verona. In the beginning of the play we are introduced to both the lovers. Romeo is portrayed as a depressed and melancholic person as the girl he loves does not love him back and Juliet as a girl who is unwilling to be married to a suitor of her parent’s choice. Romeo is in love with a Capulet girl called Rosaline and in order to see her he goes, uninvited, to a Capulet ball. He catches sight of Juliet at the ball and immediately falls in love with her. Much to his disappointment he finds out she is a Capulet: â€Å"Is she a Capulet? O dear account! My life is my foe’s debt. † Although Romeo has fallen in love with Juliet he knows it is not that simple in Verona. He realises that because they are from rival families their relationship would never be permitted. From the very beginning their relationships is said to be â€Å"star-cross’d† as their families have been mortal enemies. There is a major difference shown between Romeos love for Rosaline and his love for Juliet. When he is in love with Rosaline, Romeo is depressed. But, when he sees Juliet, it is a whole different story. He suddenly experiences true love as he had never felt with Rosaline. From the moment Romeo first sees Juliet their bond is very intense. When describing the love between Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare often uses poetic and romantic language: â€Å"O she doth teach the torches to burn bright! † Romeo compares Juliet to a candle’s light and says that she is incredibly beautiful. Shakespeare’s use of this â€Å"love at first sight† scenario emphasises that the young lovers have and instant and deep connection. This emphasises the strength of their devotion to each other. In the balcony scene, although Romeo and Juliet have only known each other for a short while, their love is very intense. Shakespeare uses various images to convey this: â€Å"Two of the fairest stars do entreat her eyes† Juliet’s eyes are being compared to twinkling stars which shows how much Romeo loves her. Romeo believes Juliet to be the most beautiful woman he has ever seen and this image conveys this. This symbolises their strong love for each other. Later on we see that Romeo is overcome by his love for Juliet and he even risks his life to see her. When a fight starts to form in the street Romeo makes it clear that he is not interested in fighting: â€Å"Tybalt, the reason I have to love thee Doth much excuse the appertaining rage† Even though the idea of being loyal to your own family is prominent throughout the play, Romeo is willing to forget the family feud and â€Å"love† his enemies for Juliet’s sake. This is important as is shows their commitment to each other. They are both willing to forget a centuries old family feud that shapes their whole life in order to be committed to each other and this is clearly a strength. Even when Juliet finds out that Romeo has killed her cousin, although she is upset and distraught, she is willing to forgive him as her devotion to him is so strong. Another aspect which shapes Romeo and Juliets relationship is the feud. The feud is the main weakness throughout the play and it has great impact on the community in Verona. When a fight breaks out in the street it is clear where the citizens loyalties are: â€Å"The quarrel is between our masters and us their men† In Verona, everyone is forced to take sides even the employees. It is clear from this why Romeo and Juliet’s relationship would be a problem as the feud has such a strong grip on society that there is no way of them being together other than in secret. Another scene in which the power of the feud comes through is when everyone is discussing what must be the consequence of Romeo’s actions: â€Å"Romeo slew Tybalt. Romeo must not live† Lady Capulet’s harsh words are conveying how the feud makes everyone stand their ground and the idea of forgive and forget is not even considered. The feud is the reason for Romeo and Juliet’s poor relationship as their families are so hostile towards each other. The feud causes the division in their community and the separation of the two families. In the end, it is only after the death of both Romeo and Juliet, a huge sacrifice, that their families reconcile and agree to live in peace. Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is one that is powerful yet it is always plagued by the feud of their families. Shakespeare’s use of imagery and symbolism to convey their relationship is highly powerful and only intensifies the bond between them.

Warehouse Management System Information Technology Essay

Warehouse Management System Information Technology Essay A warehouse management system, or WMS, is a key part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, put away and picking. The objective of a warehouse management system is to provide a set of computerized procedures to handle the receipt of stock and returns into a warehouse facility, model and manage the logical representation of the physical storage facilities (e.g. racking etc), manage the stock within the facility and enable a seamless link to order processing and logistics management in order to pick, pack and ship product out of the facility. History: Warehousing roots go back to the creation of granaries to store food, which was historically available for purchase during times of famine. As European explorers began to create shipping-trade routes with other nations, warehouses grew in importance for the storage of products and commodities from afar. Ports were the major location for warehouses. As railroads began to expand travel and transportation, the creation of rail depots for the storage of materials became necessary. World War II impacted warehousing in several ways, including the need to increase the size of warehouses and the need for more mechanized methods of storing and retrieving the products and materials. As mass production grew throughout manufacturing, the needs of efficient and effective warehousing capabilities grew with it. The warehouse industry found itself recovering from a recession at the start of the twenty-first century, partially brought on by the hype of the dot-com bubble and the excess production created after it burst. It also coped with new methods of distribution, such as just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing-where warehousing is unnecessary because products are shipped directly to customers. Global Current Scenario: Warehousing companies are now striving to become more than simply storage facilities. They are transforming themselves into third-party logistics providers or 3PLs that provide a wide array of services and functions. In addition to packing and staging pallets, contemporary warehousing facilities offer light manufacturing, call centers, labeling, and other non-storage options. A significant trend is the continuing growth of 3PL providers as companies try to cut costs and management issues by outsourcing their warehouse and distribution functions. An outcome of increased 3PL activity is a wave of mergers that are consolidating the industry. Customer demands for one-stop shopping and new technologies are a driving force behind this consolidation. According to a Warehousing Management survey, competition in warehousing has become extremely tight because businesses seek warehouse firms with extremely thin margins. Warehouse management system (WMS) requirement will help managements to take their warehouse and company to the next level. An optimized WMS will play a key role in allowing a company to better manage its warehouse operations. In the past warehouse management was very paper-intensive in its coordination of a multitude of activities. This has changed with the introduction of WMS which assist managers in tracking products throughout the entire storage and distribution process. These systems span from simple computer automation systems to high-end, feature-rich management programs that improve order picking, facilitate better dock logistics, and monitor inventory management. Warehouse management systems record all events and activities in the receipt, handling and storage of products and orders in the warehouse or distribution center, including the location of inventory Companies are succeeding by remaining flexible and investing in technology. The main issues or trends in warehousing include radio frequency identification (RFID), transportation management systems, pick-to-light technology, and voice-activated receiving and packaging. A paperless warehouse management system (WMS) could cut costs by increasing productivity and accuracy, which also improves customer service. But a good WMS is more complex and expensive than most people have been led to believe. To avoid installation problems, follow up-front-planning steps to select a cost-effective WMS. The operational benefits that can be expected out of WMS installation are Misplaced or Lost stock Search Times Paperwork Human Error Labor and Overtime Need for Physical Inventory Taking Stock outs Shipping Errors On Hand Inventory Cycle Times Space Utilization Inventory accuracy Throughput Order/shipment Tracking Stock Rotation/Inventory Tums Customer Service Product Planning Fill Rate Performance Labor Productivity Prospects: The warehousing industry is a key component of the supply chain and will likely remain so as long as there are manufacturers and consumers. Past supply chain solutions were limiting due to their expense, closed architecture, lack of mobility, and inability to share with partners. WMS Software as a Service delivery model, rapid implementation and easy customization drive quick Return on Investment with minimal up-front investment. Now, any size company can reduce cost while streamlining their supply chain and improving service levels. A WMS has the potential to reduce errors, increase space utilization and decrease labor costs by offering a comprehensive suite of capabilities and work with a range of best-in-class software partners. Its state-of-the-art systems monitor and control all critical warehouse processes. They also provide support for transport and distribution operations and communicate with customs and other authorities. The implementation of the WMS led to the standardizat ion of operations throughout distribution facilities. Access to, and influence over, leading-edge supply chain technology Access to best-in-class applications that are platform and database independent facilitating standardized business processes View real-time inventory status at each individual warehouse location or all locations Search by Part number or Lot number and Track Orders out of each warehouse by Order Number, Ship to or Date. Print or download query results to a spreadsheet. Review Audit History to see chronological record of incoming and outgoing products. Rapid start-up and reduced risk in global deployment including project delivery, service management, supplier management, integration and hosting Scalability and repeatability worldwide Unrivalled expertise in interfacing with your stock control, resource planning and business information systems Proven, pre-integration with other supply chain partner systems including visibility and control Regulations in Warehousing Management Services: The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2005 was enacted in Parliament to make provisions for development and regulations of warehouses in India. This act covers warehouses in the whole of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Its scope includes negotiation of warehouse receipts, establishment of a warehousing development and regulatory authority and for matters connected to it. According to this Bill, A registration certificate in respect of the concerned warehouse is necessary for any person starting this business. The authority will issue a negotiable certificate. A warehouseman is liable for loss or damage to goods for which he couldnt take necessary precaution. If the damage is not due to the negligence of the warehouseman then he is payable to tune of the value of goods at the time bringing it to the warehouse. If the damage is caused due to the negligence of the warehouseman then he is payable to the tune of original value of goods plus the loss of profits caused to the holder of the receipt. Duties of the warehouseman are to keep the records and accounts of warehouse business. Also the warehouseman is responsible for keeping the goods in safe condition. Warehouseman has the special powers of dealing with perishable and hazardous goods. He can take necessary action to remove the potentially hazardous goods. A warehouse receipt shall be a document of title to goods in writing if it contains receipt number, warehouse registration number, name and address of warehouse, date of issue of receipt, rates of storage and handling charges, market value of goods, description of goods, name of the insurance company securing against fire, flood, theft, burglary, riots, strikes or terrorism, whether the warehouse receipt is negotiable or non-negotiable etc. Any warehouseman who knowingly issues a receipt without taking the actual physical entry of goods in his warehouse is entitled for an imprisonment for a term which may extend to up to three years. Also if warehouseman issues a duplicate receipt then he is entitled to the same punishment. Whenever any offence is committed by a company under this Act, every person who was present at the time when the offence was committed shall be liable for the punishment accordingly. Building Warehousing Competitiveness: Central warehousing Corporation (CWC) tries to implement the best practices in the field of logistics and warehousing in India. Warehousing accounts for 20% of domestic logistics industry. Thus even a 1% reduction in warehousing cost could have a significant positive impact on the national economy. In designing a warehouse, due attention should be given on how to pick best orders, how to plan the pickup time, how to use sales data to plan the product line, etc. Lay outing is therefore an important aspect of a warehouse design. Automation and modern equipment will make warehouses more efficient. E.g. Sun City and Sri City. Warehouse services providing companies: We are mentioning a few domestic and international players who are providing warehouse management services. Domestic Players: 1. AB Sea Container Private Ltd: They are providing goods warehousing services, industrial goods warehousing, commercial goods warehousing and automotive warehousing services. They are located in New Delhi. 2. Falcon Freightlink Pvt. Ltd: They provide 3PL services to the customers. They also offer cargo warehousing services, customized logistical solutions, expedite cargo transportation services. They are located in New Delhi 3. Threestar Solutions And Services Private Ltd: They provide international warehouse services, commercial warehousing, warehouse management services. They are located in Mumbai. 4. Mars Shipping Agency: They provide general warehouse management services, inventory management system, goods storage service, safe goods storage services, dock stuffing services. They are located in Mumbai. 5. Pace Carrier Private Ltd: They provide warehousing services, warehouse consultation services, goods storage services, bulk storage services, industrial goods storage services and electronic goods storage services. They are located in Ghaziabad. 6. Trinitys Clearing and Shipping Agencies: Apart from the regular warehousing services, their specialties include expedite cargo transportation services, packing services, moving facilities to exporters and importers in India. They are located in Chennai. International Players: 1. Admiral Logistics (INDIA) Pvt. Ltd: They provide warehouse management services, freight forwarding services, air freight services, freight shipping services, Cargo services, custom clearance services. They are an Indonesian company and operates in Hyderabad in India. 2. Anjie International transportation Co Ltd: They provide warehouse management services, Air freight services, and customs clearance services. They are a Chinese company. 3. Mamufa Global Ltd: They provide warehousing management services, shifting services, air and sea freight forwarding services, international freight services. They are a Nigerian company. 4. PWC Logistics: They provide warehousing and logistics services. They are a Kuwaitian company. 5. Network Logistics: They provide warehousing and transportation services. They are an American company. Companies using Warehouse Management Services: Procter Gamble: PG is one of the top players in manufacturing, distribution and marketing of nearly 300 brands related to baby, feminine and home care products. Procter Gamble is concerned more about storing the manufactured products undamaged. It realised that accurate case picking and pallet making will keep the shipments free from damage. So PG implemented AutoPallet3 system to enhance its case pick operation. It takes order data and converts it into instructions to pick a high-cube damage-free pallet. Since then, PG was able to cut down case picking time in its warehouses dramatically and has created opportunity to ship damage-free truck loads. Also in China, PG invested and improved its warehouse management system by using mobile computing technology. It enabled the sales orders to enter in to an Integrated Distribution System and transfer the information to warehouse workers. So implementation of this technology enhanced productivity for a more efficient warehouse management system which led to further cost savings in supply chain. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals: Pfizer is a global pharmaceutical company which is consistently ranked in top 3 in the world. It is based in New York city. Pfizer started its warehousing services in Chicago in 1882. It built a new state-of-the-art automated warehouse and distribution centre at Kent in UK in 2001. This new warehouse provided storage for raw materials for both bulk and the dosage form drugs from manufacturing plants along with providing storage and order fulfilment services for bulk exports and for finished pack sales of pharmaceutical and animal health products. All these warehouse functions are accomplished by using a number of automated systems and managed by a computerized warehouse management system. This facilitated services like direct to hospital and direct to clinic deliveries of medicines. Wal-Mart: Wal-Mart, famous multinational retailer achieved and is maintaining its differentiation, cost leadership position mainly due to its innovative warehousing system. It has a flexible regional warehousing system. In a retail business like Wal-Mart warehouses are necessary to restock the stores frequently. Also, the warehouses should be as close to the stores as possible. Wal-Marts warehousing system solved the problem of contrast of few warehouses coupled with short distances and reduced overheads which significantly reduced production costs. This made the goods available for customers at lower prices. Maruti Suzuki: Maruti Suzuki, with its headquarters in Delhi is the first Indian company to produce and sell million cars. Its entire logistics and supply chain system especially its warehouse management system played a vital role in its success. It has a single main warehouse at Gurgaon where the components of its finished cars are stored. Its warehouses are fully automated with latest equipment and technology required for material identification, periodic stock taking and inventory carrying cost analysis. This system was devised to ensure quality and was highly successful because dealers order spare parts along with the cars. Now, Maruti is decentralizing its warehouse management system with warehouses in every region of the country due to increased competition. Future Prospects in Warehouse Services: Outsourcing: Many companies are already opting to outsource their warehousing functions to Third party logistics providers (3PL). This move not only cut down the costs of warehousing for the company but also provides the ability to leverage on the expertise of 3rd party service providers. Labour Management Systems: These can be used to track the performance of the employees working in a warehouse. Accordingly incentives can be provided along with enhancing the efficiency of working. Decision Support Tools: These tools provide the ability to design key performance indicators that can be tailored to achieve specific goals. These are usually web-based and deliver their metrics through graphical dashboards. Reverse Logistics: Reverse logistics help the companies to increase the efficiency of operations of returns from first customer interaction to final product disposition. It also increases the service levels of a company. Slotting: Slotting of packages is done to allow operations to optimize product location with respective warehouses for increased picking efficiency. RFID(Radio Frequency Identification): Famous retailers like Wal-Mart is already using this technology due to its potential to help supply chains lower operating costs, improve inventory accuracy, increase throughput, reduce inventory levels and increase visibility in warehouses. But the usage is limited because of high cost of implementation. It is expected to be one of the dominating technologies in the coming years. Future needs of Warehousing Industry: Current shift to goods and services tax (GST) will have a positive impact on the warehousing industry. It will help the industry to work more efficiently. Also free trade warehouse zones (FTWZs) should come up. In the longer run, the growth will come from space optimization, use of new technologies, efficient tax policies, IT adoption, value added services, use of appropriate storage types, adoption of right architecture, installation of surveillance and security systems and skills training. Warehouses should not just stock goods. It should also equip itself to receive goods, break shipments, and prepare for shipments. Warehousing industry is hampered by lack of capital and sufficient funding options are not available. Hence government should consider introducing tax holidays that might attract private equity players to the industry. The industry players will also do well to get listed on the secondary markets. Also the government should consider granting industry status to warehousing, which will improve the funding prospects. The bigger challenge for the industry would be to bridge the skill gap. This is because the major part of the industry is unorganized and there is deficit of industrial skills development centers in the country.

The Exporters Pocketbook :: Business

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites I. The Export Transaction and its Documents The Transaction Finding a market for the goods (market research) Selecting the marketing channels Negotiations Pricing Distribution channels Order Contract Commercial Invoice Commercial Invoice must include (minimum): Payment Terms Mode of Payment Division of Costs Details of Carrier Details of Receiving Party Details of Buyer Other Details For best results use the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe) Standard Commercial Invoice Packing List must include (minimum): Contents of the Packaging (=of the shipment) If more than one package or outer and inner packing – all contents per each packing and per each package must be detailed separately Permits and Licenses Export licenses if needed Standards certificates Labeling Quality control certificates (highest is ISO, such as ISO-9002 or ISO-9000) Health and phytosanitary certificates Veterinary certificates Other permits, licenses and certificates Service Providers Marine Transport Air Transport Land Transport (lorry, train) Insurance Warehousing Banking and other Financial Services (factoring, forfeiting, etc.) Airway Bill of Lading (ABL) (More details later – see appendices for samples) Holder of ABL does not own goods Air Transport Contract not effected – but ABL proof of existence of such contract, including weight, measurements, number of packages and invoice. Marine Bill of Lading (MBL) Proof of receipt of goods in a certain condition Proof of existence of transport contract MBL facilitates the transfer of ownership Negotiable, transferable and assignable Subject to the Hague conditions and MUST INCLUDE: Name and address of sender Port of loading and Port of discharge Date of lading and place of issuance of bill of lading Name of vessel and number of voyage Identity marks of cargo Description of goods – number of packing units, weight, volume Condition of goods – statement of carrier (if not stated – the goods are in good condition) â€Å"Clean on Board† not â€Å"Foul† Types of Bills of Lading (BL) Shipped BL – Goods are on deck of ship Received for Shipment – Prior to loading onto ship Direct BL – From origin to destination, transshipment not allowed Ocean Through BL – In case of transit involving a few carriers. In such a case, each carrier imposes its own conditions on each leg of the voyage and for the limited duration it handles the cargo. Pure Through BL – First carrier must transport from port of loading to a mid-point and is responsible for damages to the goods.

Case Study, Kodak

CASE STUDY REPORT 1 Case Study On Kodak, What Went Wrong? Patricia A. Webster Oklahoma Wesleyan University CASE STUDY REPORT 2 Introduction This case study will analyze what areas of failure caused Eastman Kodak to continue to have continued underperformance and misalignment within the company’s operations. There were four serious counts of corporate failure on the park of Kodak’s strategic planning and decision making.The analysis will review these failures, recommendations for change will be discussed, and clear explanations as to why the wrong decisions lead to the failure for growth will be reviewed. A conclusion will discuss how Kodak has managed to survive despite the bad corporate decisions and how the company must reconsider the majority of the recent strategic choices they have made. Strategic Analysis George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880. Within four years Kodak had become a household name after he replaced glass photographic plates with a roll of film.His decision regarding the company’s philosophy was to focus on quality. He stated, â€Å"Nothing is more important than the value of your name and the quality it stands for†. By 1963, color prints surfaced by this company. By 1981 they launched new product lines including cameras, graphical arts, and medical imaging. Their top sales tripled to $10,000,000,000 at that time. Kodak’s performance today is in trouble, sales are drastically falling, the company’s profit margin had declined to a staggering 3% in 2005.The chairman of the shareholder’s stepped down that year conceding a disappointing performance all-around. Due to declining economic environment in this country the company continues to fall. Several corporate failures have contributed to the spiral downward. The connection between logic and creativity was not present. They failed to jump on board with the digital age and technology at the beginning of its era. Next was the lack of strategy between revolution and CASE STUDY REPORT 3 evolution and the strategy it called for.Kodak did not realize the importance of the strategic planning needed to move ahead and attack the changes the company needed. Kodak could have addressed the change by evolutionary means by slowly adapting business strategy incrementally since the beginning of the digital age in the 1980’s, but they did not and this lead to great demise of the company. Also important was the lack of marketing and resource strategic planning. The leaders should have addressed the multiple levels of relationships between resources and practices that exist within a business.Finally and one of the most important factors was the lack of focus on the competition. Very little strategic planning was performed in regards to the competition of other technologic corporations. Solutions, Recommendations, Conclusion Despite continually reports of poor financial forecast, Kodak has managed to keep afloat by handing on to the traditional razor-blade model of analogue technology. The company’s CEO, George Fisher recognized the validity of the digital world. So the company needs to grow on that new insight.Marketing will need to broaden their horizons, even crossing oceans and opening new ventures in the Eastern markets and beyond. Kodak should take advantage of the disparate demands of consumers around the world. Strategic review and planning should involve knowledge of their competitors. Knowledge is power, Kodak’s greater insight and understanding of other corporations such as their own will lead to more enhanced strategy and planning for its future. The key now is to build a global strategy that can continue to exploit both the older and new generations. CASE STUDY REPORT 4References Brickley, J. , Smith, C. & Zimmerman, J. (2009). Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture. (5th Ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill Irwin. Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corpor ation, Harvard Business Review. May- June, pp. 79-91. Kodak, 1985. Annual Report, Eastman Kodak Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York, NY. Currency Publishing. Wit, B. & Meyer, R. (2004). Strategy Process, Content, Context. Chicago, IL. Thompson Learning.

Old Man and the Sea essays

Old Man and the Sea essays In Ernest Hemingways Old man and the sea, Santiago, the books main character, is an old fisherman who is unlucky in the past 84 days. Manolin, his young devoted apprentice and friend, was forced to leave the boat by his parents because Santiago hadnt caught anything for so long. So on the 85th day Santiago decides to go much farther than he has ever gone before, and in doing that he catches an 18-foot marlin, and that is when the adventure begins. In this book Santiago demonstrates the best and the worst in a person through his actions in struggle, defeat, and death, endurance under pain, and pride. In this story Santiago demonstrates his actions under struggle, defeat, and death well when he catches the marlin of a lifetime. When Santiago sets sail for farther out than he has ever been before he didnt realize how big of a marlin he had gotten, he hooked him perfectly but then he started to pull the boat. And for three days the marlin pulled the boat, and for three days Santiago hung in there and didnt let go until he had finished. It was so hard for him to stay there while the fish just keep pulling he struggled to stay alert when the fish would suddenly pull forward. And he struggled while he had no cooked food for himself aboard the skiff, he had to eat raw fish that he caught to stay alive. Santiago almost gave up, he thought that the fish was about to defeat him but then the fish jumped and gave him the chance to pull in the rope and let the marlin fill his are sacks. Then he started to swim in circles and finally he speared the fish right through the heart. These a re some examples of how Santiago acted when under struggle, defeat, and death. During this same time Santiago experienced a lot of pain but he endured it the whole time. When his hand cramped up and he couldnt do anything, he had to endure that until it finally un-cramped and he could work with it again. When the ...

Psych Drugs And Dreams Essay

Psych Drugs And Dreams Essay Psych Drugs And Dreams Essay Hang Ma AP Psych Mrs. Lawson 9 March 2015 Mini Unit: Dreams 1. In all of the dreams, the theme is abandonment, because she is deserted by her friends and left alone, stood up by her mother on prom night, left by her favorite teacher Mr. Stevens, and scared by her older self. It relates to her life in that she has no male friends, that she lives with her mother but not her father, and that she likes to be the center of attention. 2.Displacement happens in dreams #1 and 3, Mr. Steven and her friends represent someone who left her in her fact. In the second dream, she has a wish fulfillment of striking her the strange man for revenge. In dream #4, a condensation appears in the form of her face on an older man’s body but the face looks 40 years older and evil. 3. I believe that Debbie is suffering from unresolved issues because of her father’s abandonment. Dream #1 resembles her memory as a younger child, sitting in the middle of her room crying because her parents are not there for her. Because of this, Debbie is afraid of having male friends and fears that they will leave her. Also, her dream of Mr. Stevens leaving her and her resulting calls for him stem from her past cries for her father. Dreaming about the man with an evil version of her own face suggests that she is angry at her father, because she crushes a Coke can afterward. In addition, Debbie’s anger is further supported by her striking of the man in dream #2. Long-Term Effects of Drugs on the Brain 1. After a period of time, drugs can trigger the amygdala and cause urges. The most startling way drugs can change the brain is their ability to destroy neurons, though a close competitor would be their potential for slowing down brain activity. 2. The brain builds tolerance to eliminate it more effectively, which in turn leads to taking greater amounts of a drug. 3. Drugs that kill neurons can decrease the plasticity of the brain because the neurons then are not present to form new connections and existing connections are lost as a result. 4. The problems scientists could have include: The brain’s complexity, the tendency of drug abusers to abuse more than one drug, and the health

A Cultural Visual Metaphors

A Cultural Visual Metaphors A visual metaphor is a comparison of something that belongs to one category with another of a different category (Arnheim 125). It suggests a similarity between the two things. Visual metaphors vary from one cultural setting to another. For this reason the intended message may be lost if a metaphor from one culture is used in another one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Cultural Visual Metaphors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, visual metaphors that are used in cosmopolitan societies must be universal in order to fit into everyone’s mental model of reality. Visual metaphors tremendously enhance our thinking and understanding of things. Some examples of visual metaphors include: American farmers need a financial safety net, Ideas are mushrooms that multiply quickly, he played the devil’s advocate yesterday, ideas are winged, things are elephant right now, asking questions is priming the pump of better understanding, thoughts are the seeds of creation, we left on foot even though it was raining cats and dogs, a positive attitude is a lighthouse for the hopeful, you have the heart of a lion, you’re my sunshine, she is a visual thinking butterfly, still in her cocoon. Visual metaphors play an important role in learning. Metaphors in general improve the speed with which we grasp various things and notions. Learners are able to get some things faster. However, this is thought is true only when the learner has already experience of the image being used (Benson 200). The understanding of a new thing will in such situations depend on the individual’s understanding of the image. Metaphors help the learner understand reality. Metaphors are used on a daily basis to help us get an insight of the world around us. Visual metaphors shape ones understanding of the surrounding. This in turn influences ones mental picture of reality. The mental model of reality is instrume ntal in assisting one to make critical decisions on some situations later in life. The decisions made tend to be more effective when one is exposed to metaphors early in life. Visual metaphors may also inspire and motivate one depending on one’s understanding of the metaphor. Visual metaphors help us in visual thinking. The metaphors provide the user with an opportunity to communicate a visual message in a way that enhances understanding and awareness (Bowers 73). Visual metaphors help people we are communicating with connect with us and thus create a deep understanding of the message being shared. Therefore, metaphors add color to our understanding.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another effect that visual metaphors have on visual thinking is linking the new with the familiar. They help bridge the gap between the new and the familiar. This device assists its users in putting together new concepts and ideas in a way that others can connect with. Each new idea is presented to the end user in a manner that evokes familiarity and understanding. Familiarity helps us overcome the fear and anxiety associated with encountering things for the first time. It nurtures acceptance and tolerance. Visual metaphors help us internalize what we learn. Internalization is a pre-requisite for better understanding and abstraction. Internalization helps us form mental models of things. The models later come into play when we are thinking abstractly. Metaphors, therefore, play an important role in society. They help us understand difficult subjects through association. Visual metaphors are an important aspect of visual thinking. They add color to visual thinking. Without visual metaphors, visual and abstract thinking would be plain. Arnheim, Rudolph. Visual thinking. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1999. Print. Benson, Thomas W., Prosser, Michael. Re adings in classical rhetoric. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2002. Print. Bowers, A., Flinders, David J. Responsive teaching: An ecological approach to  Classroom patterns of language, culture, and thought. New York: Teachers College Press. 1990. Print.

InternationAL FINANCE Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

InternationAL FINANCE - Case Study Example It does not focus on profits at any costs but targets how profits are made (Choi, Lee & Park, 2013). Coca Cola Company is one of the multinational enterprises that has initiated various corporate social responsibilities and have benefited from it, in various ways. Corporate social responsibility is associated with treating the stakeholders of a firm or institution in a responsible or ethical manner. It entails treating the stakeholders in a way that is acceptable to the international standards. The aim of social responsibility is to create higher living standards while at the same time preserving the corporation’s profitability or integrity of the institution for people outside and within such entities. Coca Cola Company is one of the global multinational enterprises which seek to generate profit while at the same time contributing to the sustainable development by being environmental and social responsible (Mahajan, 2010). As a global multinational corporation it has to manage the various activities of the organization aimed at generating profits while at the same time impacting positively on the society. Multinational Corporation should be in a position to heighten corporate governance efforts while at the same time turn regulatory c ompliance into opportunities that are aimed at developing values for their businesses. Coca Cola Company has continued to invest heavily in money and time in order to comply with the increased level of expectations and regulations. Corporate social responsibilities endorse an idea of business accountability to employees, society, environment, and shareholders. Leading multinational enterprises are those that develop sustainable businesses by embedding corporate responsibilities and strong governance into their cultures and strategies. Through the practice, Coca Cola Company will be able to earn

Customer Inserts Grade Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Inserts Grade Course - Essay Example For example, the article states that the demand for there is an increase in the demand for BMW cars within the European Union car market segment. In addition, the demand for tried and tested Mercedes –Benz is also increasing. Lastly, more current and prospective clients are eager to buy the Audi cars. The Audi cars are composed of the quality Volkswagen parts. The article further states that the demand for cars in the German car market segment had increased by an estimated 10 percent. In order to increase their car sales, the article excellent shows that the car manufacturing companies had to offer discounts to its current and prospective clients. The economic theory of demand states as the prices of goods and commodities decline (through the offer of discounts), the demand for the car manufacturing company’s products increase. The article shows facts stating the increase in the demands for the have actually increased due to the discounts given to the company’s p resent and future clients. The article also shows actual financial figures to bring home the story that some of the car manufacturers are losing money and on the brink of joining the long line of bankrupt companies. The article shows that Peugeot – Citroen’s parent company, PSA, generated a huge financial for the prior year. Specifically, the Peugeot - Citroen’s parent company, PSA generated a net loss of â‚ ¬92,000,000 ($121 m). The article correctly warns that General Motors did not reveal its actual global losses. General Motors is the car manufacturer of Opel – Vauxhall). In addition, the article correctly shows an article to confirm the General Motors car, Opel – Vauxhill. The additional car sales loss amounted to $14 billion. The article also indicates that the European Union’s new car sales had declined to only 13,000,000 units. The figure is far lower than the car demand for 2007, alone. The European car sales figures had continue d to drop below the poverty level because the client’s car sales had declined for the past four years of painstaking car marketing. Specifically, the school’s academic references persuading the readers to study the statistic car figures as a way to understand the financial statements. Even then the European Car manufactures state that the South Korean brands are better sellers compared to the many European Brands. Next, the article shows excellently includes the primary and secondary references in terms of degree of relevance to the topic being discussed. The inserted graph shows that the top selling car is the Renault. The same article shows that the second top selling car is the Renault Kangoo. The third top selling car is the Fiat Panda. The fourth top selling car is the Opel Corsa. The Fifth top selling car is the Opel Asra. The car brand that is ranked as the lowest selling bran is the Peugeot 207. Likewise the 2nd lowest selling car brand is the Citroen C3. The t hird lowest selling car brand is the Ford Focus. The article indicates that the secondary source for car brand rankings is the reliable Guter Rat Magazine. The article also shows that the government can step in to prevent the car companies from being dragged into the bankruptcy bandwagon. The article indicates that the United States Government bailed out the American Car Company, General Motors Company, by giving the car manufacturing company financial rescue money. Similarly, the United States government gave a timely financial support to the car

Bhopal Union Carbide Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bhopal Union Carbide Case Study - Essay Example With an incidental accident occurring in the year 1984, in Union Carbide Chemical Factory, in Bhopal in India, a lethal chemical gas was released in the air killing and injuring thousands of people who were living in the region. While several individuals were killed, thousands of others suffered from severe health illnesses even till death. The company was held responsible for the incident considering their lack of sincerity and effectiveness in maintenance of the equipments and units that caused the leakage on one hand and on the other hand could not prevent the spread of the chemical as well. Although the US Union Carbide Company had its holdings in the Indian Company; yet it was the Indian company and its members who were accountable for the incident (Bhopal-Union Carbide Case Study). The present study focuses on studying and analyzing the case and discuss on the ethical issues associated with the incident, and also issues such as liability of the members, the effect on the workfo rce, the effect on the management, and ways to reduce negativity. Analysis of the Case: As could be obtained from this particular case, the Indian Union Carbide Company can be said to have neglected severe issues in relation to the maintenance of its units and equipments which was significantly necessary as the factory was dealing with harmful chemicals. The management of the company should have been careful to understand that the slightest of the leakages or malfunctioning of the units or equipments could lead to such massacre. Particularly, when individuals were working within the factory, and also there were people living in the surroundings, the company should not have neglected even any minor issue in regard to handling of the chemicals and their leakages. It could be obtained from the case study that the company had been performing well initially and opportunities of jobs were also increased for the Indians at a time when the welfare of India could not be considered as healthy . However, gradually negligence occurred in the activities of the company and few years before the incident even the US inspectors detected faults and warned them of areas that needed repairing and monitoring. But, the Indian company did not take such warnings seriously and the result was the accident. It is clear from the case that if the company had been careful in its handling of chemicals, and in maintaining their units and equipments, then the incident would not have occurred in the first place. Even if it occurred, the company could have prevented the spread of the chemical in the air, but no equipments worked at that time. Hence the Indian company was to be blamed and was blamed, an incident that has left several lives into suffering till the present day. Ethical Issues Raised by the Case: The most essential ethical issue that could be observed from the case study is in regard to the responsibility of the company to provide for protection of the human lives. The company effec tively failed to protect the lives of its employees. Not only that, the company also proved to be inefficient in protecting its environment as the incident killed hundreds and injured thousands of people residing in the surroundings, affecting the entire area. Ethical issue arises as such an incident clearly reflects that the company had not been sincere in following and maintaining the safety procedures that it needed to. The focus of the company was only on increased production of pesticides and hence gained profits. Thus profits were given more value by the company than the protection and safety of human lives. The company did not care to ensure the fundamental standards of safety in the factory. Moreover, although the company was under the holding of its American company, yet the standards set by the American firm were not followed by the Indian company. Ethical issues can also be raised to be in the way the factory was built in a surrounding where so many people resided. The

Benefits and limitations single-media vs milti-media air pollution Essay

Benefits and limitations single-media vs milti-media air pollution regulatitons or contorl - Essay Example The Clean Air Act (CAA) covers air and the Clean Water Act (CWA) covers water specific. However, pollution is not constrained by statues; it can shift between media by natural and human action (Everett, 2004). Fortaine states that we have improved our abilities to detect toxic pollutants, understand their movement through the environment, and asses their impacts; we have increasingly realized that pollution is rarely contained with the artificial boundaries of our regulatory system (Fortaine, 1993). Therefore, environmental management of pollution is improved when all media are considered. Two common ways for controlling air contaminants are the single media approach and the multi-media approach and each one have their benefits and limitations. The limitation of discharged in medium such as air, while correcting the immediate pollution problem with that medium, often do little more than shift the pollution to another medium. Such transfer can even create greater problems in the mediu m in which they are moved.

Enviornmental Hazard Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enviornmental Hazard - Term Paper Example Oloruntoba(2005) points out that tsunami often moves in all directions and when the huge waves surge into the land, it takes place in different countries and different populations at the same time. Evidently, each culture has different needs as they differ greatly in socio-economic and cultural conditions. So, it becomes necessary for the various relief and donor agencies to adapt themselves according to the environment. As a result, it takes a comparatively longer time for them to get a complete picture of the disaster and the needs. It is pointed out by Oloruntoba that as the destruction is usually large scale, there arise issues in logistics and coordination. To support the claim, the scholar points out that in the 26 December 2004 tsunami, a landing plane hit a cow on the runway causing a blocked runway for many hours in Banda Aceh. According to Oloruntoba (2005) where there is such large scale destruction, the coordination of the relief response in a large geographical area by v arious international and national agencies becomes a difficult task. Two immediate needs when such a disaster occurs are to evacuate the people to safer places and to repair the roads and infrastructure to reach the place of disaster. In addition, there should be measures to prevent spread of diseases and to ensure food and water. However, when the relief operations are not focused on these tasks, there arises a difference between the needed relief and the provided relief. Oloruntoba (2005) points out a factor that no other scholar in this review seemed to have pointed out. That is, often, the promised donations and funds are not delivered by the donors. As Oloruntoba (2005) pointed out, in Darfur, Western Sudan, only one third of the promised financial aids were received after Hurricane Mitch. Here, it seems that Oloruntoba does not look into the fact that NGOs too can lack in communication and coordination abilities. For example, Nisha Sahai Achuthan, on the third anniversary of D ecember 24 tsunami, looked into the way NGOs work in the State of Tamil Nadu in India where there was a lot of destruction. Achuthan (2009) points out that when the scholar contacted one NGO named n-Logue, it was found that despite their claims of having 1500 internet and voice service kiosks in the tsunami hit areas, they could not provide any information about the locations of these kiosks. Admittedly, the work by Nigel Martin (2007) provides a better insight into as to what goes wrong in nations like Indonesia and India in the case of disaster management. It is pointed out that the very first reason for failure is government information systems and management failure. Though the Indian Air Force was informed about the earthquake and tsunami in 2004 at about 7.30 am that day, the crisis management group of Indian government held its meeting at 1.00 pm, exactly five and a half hours after the initial alert. Similar was the situation of Indonesia too. In the view of Martin (2007), t hough Indonesia was alerted by the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, the country seemed to have taken no steps at all. Admittedly, all the scholars point out the fact that the existing political situation in the affected area will have a serious impact on the quality of service provided. When there is discrimination in the existing social system, it becomes a difficult task for the international organizations to offer unbiased attention. The last two

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are Essay

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are asked to assess the ability of OPEC to manage the price of - Essay Example These members supply around 40% of the world’s oil (USA Congressional Record, 2007). Law of Supply and Demand (Mankiw, 2008) OPEC’s economic goal is to control production in order to raise the price of oil and eventually increase the generation of its members’ substantial profit. In a free market, the supply and demand tend to push the price at the level in which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Based on this law, it can be pictured out that when the supply of a normal good is low but its demand is higher, it substantially results to price increase. Thus, OPEC is on the right track of controlling production in order to maximise the oil resources of its members. In fact, it has a significant power to control the entire market considering that 70% of world oil reserve belongs to the cartel. Furthermore, OPEC targets to supply only 40% of the world’s oil consumption. This means that it has created influence on the world’s oil supply provided that the demand is higher and even reaching to an upward spiral due to rising economies. Oil is the lifeblood of the modern economy (Navarro, 2008). This means that every economy, developing or even highly developed will tend to maximise resources and even operations, but this cannot be addressed efficiently without relying heavily on oil supply. For instance, oil has become the very reason for every business to operate. From production, down to transportation and inside every household, oil is gaining a wide range of importance, function and economic role. Thus, oil is considered as a normal good and becomes the basic commodity in the world. Oil therefore has created a specific level of demand depending on a certain economy’s requirements in order to sustain and enhance its development and growth. However, from 1972 to 2008, it is noted that OPEC has been ineffective at maintaining cooperation among its members due to issues concerning rest riction of production (Mankiw, 2008). Mankiw explained that members were tempted to cheat their productions just to gain more profit advantage. As a result to this, the increase of oil price was never been successful on restricting production, but because of the increase in demand of worldwide consumption. As shown in Table 1, the price of oil per barrel increases over time. However, this increase was pointed out as barely influenced by OPEC’s success in restricting its production, but due to increase in market demand for the said commodity (Mankiw, 2008). In the mid-1980s OPEC members were having misunderstanding regarding on the regulatory issues of production. As a result, the production increased beyond the controllable limit as specified by OPEC. As the production of oil in the world market increased, there was more supply available leading to the decrease in price. Such decrease in price was clearly due to availability of supply, but what seems to be obvious was the des ire of some OPEC members to gain productive output from their oil resource. In 2007 to 2008, the price of oil substantially was higher. However, it was due to the increase of demand in the world oil market as there was an increasing number of emerging economies such as China (Mankiw, 2008). Table 1. History of oil price as influenced by OPEC regulation of production (Mankiw, 2008) Year Price per barrel 1972 $3 1974 $11 1981 $35 1986 $13 Income and substitution effect The positive income effect states that when the price of normal good decreases it leads to

Benefits and limitations single-media vs milti-media air pollution Essay

Benefits and limitations single-media vs milti-media air pollution regulatitons or contorl - Essay Example The Clean Air Act (CAA) covers air and the Clean Water Act (CWA) covers water specific. However, pollution is not constrained by statues; it can shift between media by natural and human action (Everett, 2004). Fortaine states that we have improved our abilities to detect toxic pollutants, understand their movement through the environment, and asses their impacts; we have increasingly realized that pollution is rarely contained with the artificial boundaries of our regulatory system (Fortaine, 1993). Therefore, environmental management of pollution is improved when all media are considered. Two common ways for controlling air contaminants are the single media approach and the multi-media approach and each one have their benefits and limitations. The limitation of discharged in medium such as air, while correcting the immediate pollution problem with that medium, often do little more than shift the pollution to another medium. Such transfer can even create greater problems in the mediu m in which they are moved.

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are Essay

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are asked to assess the ability of OPEC to manage the price of - Essay Example These members supply around 40% of the world’s oil (USA Congressional Record, 2007). Law of Supply and Demand (Mankiw, 2008) OPEC’s economic goal is to control production in order to raise the price of oil and eventually increase the generation of its members’ substantial profit. In a free market, the supply and demand tend to push the price at the level in which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Based on this law, it can be pictured out that when the supply of a normal good is low but its demand is higher, it substantially results to price increase. Thus, OPEC is on the right track of controlling production in order to maximise the oil resources of its members. In fact, it has a significant power to control the entire market considering that 70% of world oil reserve belongs to the cartel. Furthermore, OPEC targets to supply only 40% of the world’s oil consumption. This means that it has created influence on the world’s oil supply provided that the demand is higher and even reaching to an upward spiral due to rising economies. Oil is the lifeblood of the modern economy (Navarro, 2008). This means that every economy, developing or even highly developed will tend to maximise resources and even operations, but this cannot be addressed efficiently without relying heavily on oil supply. For instance, oil has become the very reason for every business to operate. From production, down to transportation and inside every household, oil is gaining a wide range of importance, function and economic role. Thus, oil is considered as a normal good and becomes the basic commodity in the world. Oil therefore has created a specific level of demand depending on a certain economy’s requirements in order to sustain and enhance its development and growth. However, from 1972 to 2008, it is noted that OPEC has been ineffective at maintaining cooperation among its members due to issues concerning rest riction of production (Mankiw, 2008). Mankiw explained that members were tempted to cheat their productions just to gain more profit advantage. As a result to this, the increase of oil price was never been successful on restricting production, but because of the increase in demand of worldwide consumption. As shown in Table 1, the price of oil per barrel increases over time. However, this increase was pointed out as barely influenced by OPEC’s success in restricting its production, but due to increase in market demand for the said commodity (Mankiw, 2008). In the mid-1980s OPEC members were having misunderstanding regarding on the regulatory issues of production. As a result, the production increased beyond the controllable limit as specified by OPEC. As the production of oil in the world market increased, there was more supply available leading to the decrease in price. Such decrease in price was clearly due to availability of supply, but what seems to be obvious was the des ire of some OPEC members to gain productive output from their oil resource. In 2007 to 2008, the price of oil substantially was higher. However, it was due to the increase of demand in the world oil market as there was an increasing number of emerging economies such as China (Mankiw, 2008). Table 1. History of oil price as influenced by OPEC regulation of production (Mankiw, 2008) Year Price per barrel 1972 $3 1974 $11 1981 $35 1986 $13 Income and substitution effect The positive income effect states that when the price of normal good decreases it leads to

Ethical Decision making by School Principals Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decision making by School Principals Essay Principals are faced with the challenge of managing schools and there is need for them to be ethical, respectful, inspiring, creative and knowledgeable about methods of instruction and the culture of the school and curriculum. These principals are also faced with the challenge of knowing and identifying areas of support that is able to enhance the school’s mission and also manage the areas that impede the achievement of a stated mission of the school. Since the needs of students are ever changing, they should also be in a position to make both smaller and larger adjustments that could be beneficial to the school and easily manageable by the organization in the management of these decisions. (Sousa, 2003, pp. 195-198). A decision is termed as ethical when it is able to bring about positive results and does not harm other people or the third party. These decisions are able to bring forth respect, trust, fairness and caring, responsibility and demonstrate good citizenship. When a decision accomplishes the needs of people together with their purposes, it is then termed as an effective decision. Ethically sound decisions are mostly advanced by two critical aspects namely discernment and discipline. For a decision to poses the aspect of discernment, it requires judgment and knowledge. The strength of character on the other hand, makes up a good decision and this takes moral change and the will power to be able to do what needs to be done (Hoy Tarter 2004, pp. 56-60). Ethical decision making calls for good leadership from principals. Leadership may be described as the authority or ability of an individual or individuals to lead others towards the achievement of a goal. It involves directing and influencing others towards the accomplishment of the stated common objectives and involves responsibility and accountability for the group. There are various leadership styles that are used today in many organizations and institutions. The autocratic type of leaders apply unilateralist while dominating their team-members in order to achieve a particular objective. However, this method often results to resistance from the team- members, as this style generally requires constant pressure and a lot of direction to get things done. On the other hand, this style could be more effective in urgent situations requiring urgent action (Schiminke, 1998, pp. 107-110). In the Laissez-Faire leadership, little control is exercised by managers over their groups. This allows the team-members to sort out their duties and obligations but the manager is not in any way involved with them. This style of leadership however is ineffective at certain circumstances since the team is left floundering with limited motivation and direction. Laissez- faire is effective in cases whereby a manager leads a team that is highly skilled and motivated and these people have in the past produced excellent work. The Democratic leader on other hand often uses participation and the groups’ teamwork towards attaining a collaborative decision. This style focuses on communication between the leader and the team and hence a positive climate for achieving results is created. The leaders consult their teams before making a decision while still in control of the team. These leaders allow the team to make decisions on how certain duties will be carried out and by whom (Schiminke, 1998, pp. 107-110). In addition, a good democratic leader is one who approves participation by team members and delegation of duties or tasks is done wisely. This kind of a leader values the points put forward from them and also encourages any group discussion. He also empowers the team through motivation. On leadership styles include a coercive leader, authoritative. Leader, affiliative leader, pace setting and a coaching leader. A coercive leader demands obedience, which should be instantaneous and applies initiative, achievement and self-control. In times of crisis or company turn around, this style is considered to be more effective but it mostly creates a negative climate for the performance in an organization. The authoritative leader on the other hand is considered to be one of the most effective as this leader inspires employees to follow a vision, facilitate change and creates a strong organizational climate that results in positive performance. The affiliative leadership values people, their emotions and their needs and relies on friendship and trust to promote flexibility, innovation and risk taking. A pacesetting leader can create a negative climate because of the high standards he or she sets. This style works best in attaining quick results from highly motivated individuals who value achievement and take the initiative. Lastly, the coaching leader builds a positive climate by developing skills that will foster long-term success. This type of leader also delegates responsibly, and is skillful in issuing assignments that are quite challenging. Leadership entails organizing people in a bid to achieve the stated goals of the group. It is therefore essential that leaders should posses certain basic qualities that will enable them to be effective leaders in whatever situation or task they undertake (Guy, 1990 pp. 105-107). Leaders should display a good work ethic that will enable other employees to emulate. A good work ethic includes: being on time, being organized giving praise to employees, being well prepared for meetings and having good communication within the venture that will go a long way towards achieving emotional and financial success. Therefore a leader should set an example with an ethical set of values for other managers and employees. For a leader to be effective, he/she should be willing to constantly learn at the same time integrate the knowledge they have acquired through learning into their leadership style. They must also develop skills that will promote them into being good leaders. Another quality of a good leader is that they should constantly keep up with the current trends in leadership and be aware that the leadership styles are constantly changing. In other words these leaders should be open to change. A good leader should also be able to mobilize people and acquire their trust in the process. Good leaders should also have the ability to communicate effectively with their subordinates communication is an essential aspect since it involves both listening and sending messages or telling others what needs to be done. Moral leaders are in a position to produce good moral leadership. They mostly apply restraint and power in their leadership. They are willing to accept any results without imposing control on other people. This is stewardship. It enables leaders to accept their faults which are human instead of shielding themselves under their authority and status. Ethics can be described as the codes of conduct that guide on how one should behave regarding moral duties and virtues. These moral principles guide a person in determining what is wrong or right. Morality by principals can be termed as personal ethics. This is because personal ethics reflect the expectations of people of all works in the society. Ethics has got two aspects: the ability to determine right from wrong, propriety from impropriety and good from evil. The second perspective concerns the commitment to perform an action that is proper, right and good. The principles of personal ethics include: trustworthiness and honesty, concern for the well being of others preventing harm refusing to take unfair advantage, respect for the autonomy of others and basic justice. Ethics as displayed by principals in schools or any other leaders could be classified as under written and unwritten codes of ethics: codes of ethics are the efforts which are systematic in nature and are used in defining the right conduct. They also provide guidance and help in the installation of confidence in various aspects of life from the government and all organizations. The main guidance is reflected in the decision making process especially where values seem to conflict. Written codes of ethics can be made known by an organization, professional or jurisdiction. On the other hand unwritten codes that exist and that help us in our lives are more effective than the written ones. Un written codes of ethics include rules such as honesty, security, loyalty among others. These unwritten codes of ethics mostly arise from family and cultural tradition and can also be found in workplace. These written and unwritten codes of ethics mostly arise from family and cultural tradition and can also be found in workplace. These written and unwritten codes of ethics are found in the society and they help one in establishing their personal belief system. Ethical behaviors should be a part and parcel of an individual’s daily routine (Murphy McMurty, 2000. pp. 110-115). I believe that Principals need to make strategic decisions since society and environment are dynamic and this provides them with a means that is strategic in nature that could enable them consider the external environment by focusing on the strength of the school organization, reducing weaknesses in school and also identify all the available opportunities that could put the school at a better position to be able to gain a competitive advantage. School principals are able to make an ethically defensible decision when the decision is well thought considering all the formal possible angels meaning that everybody takes part in decision making. In addition, ethically sound decisions in corporate all the possible solutions regarding the positive and negative outcomes of the decision. The decisions made by school principles need to involve a consultative process, team or group process or delegated duties to the staff members. This will help principals to come up with an ethically sound decision that will have a positive impact to all the members of the society which includes the students. Today, school leaders are the people who are accountable ethically, legally and morally for any decisions that they make in schools. Dempster and Parry (1999) note that the schools pressure mainly arise from four sources that is pressure of involving non-educationalists in the decision making in schools; changes in the growth of knowledge and applying the new advanced technology in learning processes; increased social problems such as suicide, violence and unemployment. This means that school leaders are constantly faced with ethical dilemmas while making decisions in schools hence resulting in conflicting ethical principles. Therefore how ethics/morals impact on decision-making is profound as this could easily change the way society operates. Foster (1986) also notes that it is the actions by the officials of the school that will strongly determine personal codes of ethics and values (Shapiro, 2000, pp. 120-125). On the ethical decision making by principals in schools, Denig and Quinn (2001) proposed a philosophical model with two moral principles namely; care and justice. They argue that most of the decisions that are made by school leaders, are mainly based on formalism which is policy and law and this is aimed at bringing about the greatest good to all (utilitarianism). In other words, this approach clearly views decision making as a rational approach that involves the use of universal principles. The decision maker performs what is right that could result in good deeds to all rather than individualism hence equity becomes the desirable outcome. They also point out that it is only through making decisions by collaborative means that these leaders can be able to analyze the dilemmas and get prepared to encompass the principle of working together with the school system and this eventually results in making decisions that are ethical (Sousa, 2003, pp. 195-198). Greenfield (19991) on the other hand argues that school leaders experience distinct sets of demands concerning ethics. He notes that schools being moral institutions are designed to bring for the social norms and other principles. They should be able to make decisions that are morally acceptable. He further notes that although schools are charged with the responsibility of creating moral values and making moral decisions by dedicating themselves to promote the well-being of their students, it is surprising that the same students have virtually no right to express themselves to what goes on in their schools and it is for these reasons that the conduct of these school leaders need to be moral (Kowalski, 2001, pp. 5-98). Robert Starratt (1991) also talks of equality in social arrangement benefits by arguing that today’s social arrangement results to unequal benefits among people. He argues that school principles should not only behave ethically but also be responsible individuals. Lastly, Green field argues that the authority of the principal is moral and teachers should be convinced that the decisions make by the principal reflects all the values that they support (Nutt, 2002, pp. 50-54). Kidder (1995) defines an ethical dilemma as the responsibilities that people face in making choices between two rights cherished values that conflict are the principle cause of dilemmas. For instance a principal is bound to be faced with a dilemma if at all he/she cherishes both the teacher and student and the teacher decides to enact a policy that will result in low expectations. Some philosophers and thinkers have come up with a number of guidelines that could help to solve these dilemmas faced by school leaders. They argue that leaders should be able and willing to act along the set standards of ethics. They could also address and also should be caring and conscious reflection whenever they lead other people (Nutt, 2002, pp. 50-54). School leaders could also form ethics committees to help them solve ethical dilemmas as these committees could prove helpful in raising the awareness concerning ethical issues, advising educators and also in the formulation of codes of ethics. A quality decision that is made by a school principal will depend on a number of factors made, extent to which others are able to generate a quality solution, how the problem is structured and the degree of commitment. Moreover, decisions made in schools require a lot of staff decision and support. School principals also need to understand the culture of their schools while attempting to make any decisions as this will establish whether the decision made is appropriate for the school. Therefore, these head teachers need to analyze and comprehend any relevant and comprehend any relevant information presented to them together with data. They also need to gather and measure evidence, issue judgments and finally make the necessary decisions. Creativity is essential as these will help in solving any anticipating problems hence development of opportunities for the school. Finally, school principals should be in a position to demonstrate quality judgment. This will enable them to know how and when they need to make any decisions among others. Decisions made by school principals could be autocratic, consultative, Group or Delegated decisions. An autocratic decision is that which the school principal makes it himself / herself by use of the available information or gathered from other groups or people. This therefore requires these school leaders to make appropriate and quick decisions when expected to do them at a particular point in time consultation on the other hand means that a problem has to be shared amongst individuals in order to obtain collective views or ideas but the school principal has to make the final decision afterwards.

Chemicals in Disinfectants and Sterilants

Chemicals in Disinfectants and Sterilants Discuss the uses and modes of action of chemicals used as disinfectants and sterilants Disinfectants and sterilants have been available in a variety of forms for a great number of years. The pioneering work of Joseph Lister and Ignaz Semmelweis effectively opened the door to the range of chemicals that we have available today. Phenols (carbolic acid derivatives), mercuric chloride, chlorides, hypochlorites and iodine were the first major groups to be utilised. The quaternary ammonium compounds rose to prominence in the 1930s (Russell, A. D. 2002 [I]). The first detailed studies on the subject of mode of action were published by Cooper, who described the action of phenols as denaturing bacterial proteins as their main mode of operation (Cooper E A 1912) Knaysi expanded this work further by suggesting that the order of death amongst cells was determined by some form of resistance (Knaysi G 1930) and that this might be linked to the protein structure of the cell wall (Knaysi G et al. 1930). Further work on phenol suggested that resistance of E.Coli was the same at virtually any concentration of phenol (Jordan, R. C et al. 1944) and this lead to the development of the concept of specific enzyme inhibition. (Roberts, M. H et al. 1946) The term biocide is becoming more commonly used to describe the generic group. Russell (A D 2002 [II]) makes the comment that, until recently, two views permeated the field. One was that as long as they were effective, there seemed little merit in determining how they arrived at their inhibitory or lethal effects and secondly, that they were believed to act as protoplasmic poisons and, as such did not merit much attention. We will present evidence to dispute both of these views. Specific work on the mode of action of the biocides has been sporadic until comparatively recently. Gram-positive and -negative bacteria appear to have received the lion’s share of the research with less on the mycobacterium, less still on fungal and viral agents (Maillard, J.-Y et al. 1997), and few quality papers on the protozoa. (Turner, N. A et al. 1999). We know even less still on the ability of biocides to inactivate prions. (Taylor, D. M 1997). Because of the wide range of potential biocidal (and biostatic) agents, it is not possible to even begin to tackle the question of mode of action in this essay on any but the most general terms There are a number of current research issues such as the question of why it is that MIC’s of some cationic biocides such as chlorhexidine is similar for both mycobacterium and staphylococci yet they appear to possess low mycobacterium potency but are rapidly lethal to the staphylococci (Russell A D 1996) Current considered opinion is that the majority (if not all) cells are not killed by a disactivation of a single target enzyme by the biocide. (Hugo, W. B. 1999) Specific examples would be that enoyl reductase, (an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis) is totally inhibited by triclosan it is a combination of other intracellular disruptions that prove to be lethal to the cell. (Suller, M. T. E et al. 2000) A number of researchers have commented on the apparent similarities between the disinfectants and sterilants group and the antibiotic group in terms of their effect on bacteria. To give specific examples, filament formation in Gm-ve. Bacteria is induced by both antibiotics (eg. ß-lactams andfluoroquinolones) and biocides (eg.phenoxyethanol and chloroacetamide) (Ng, E et al. 2002). Equally we have mentioned the action of triclosan on enoyl reductase, but this enzyme is also inhibited by isoniazid. (McMurry, L. M et al. 1999). A third category of similarity would be that the cell autolysis observed with both the phenols and some mercuric compounds is apparently the same as the processes observed with exposure to penicillin. (Hugo, W. B. 1999). Other research groups (McKellar, R. C et al. 1996) have noted that exposure to some biocides can render a pathogen more susceptible to the action of antibiotics. It was postulated (although not proved) that this effect may be due to a structural change resulting in differing permeability in the cell wall of the microbe. (Morris, A et al. 1991) It is not intended to imply that because these mechanisms appear similar that they are actually the biochemically or physiologically the same. Further research is needed to clarify these points We have made comment on the apparent ability of some biocides to interfere with the integrity of the cell wall. In the case of the bacteria and fungi this may be a useful attribute to exploit, but it is a different matter in dealing with viral (and phage) vectors. The problem being that if the viral envelope which is usually derived from the host cell is damaged, then this can result in the liberation of intact viral nucleic acid which, in itself, may be infective. (McClure, A. R et al. 1992) If we consider one mechanism in some detail by way of an example, we could consider the action of chlorhexidine. This has been shown to produce a very rapid lethal effect ( about 20 seconds) in both E.Coli and Staph. Aureus. (Denyer, S. P. 1995). It has been shown to produce damage to the outer cell membrane, but this action does not directly cause cell death. (El-Moug, T et al. 1985) Chlorhexidine then crosses the damaged membrane by passive diffusion and causes leakage of the intracellular components. The cause of cell death is the inactivation of the intracellular constituents by protein denaturation of their controlling enzyme systems. This causes a further congealing of the cytoplasm and this reduces cellular leakage. This is the so-called biphasic mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. (Longworth, A. R. 1971). There was a suggestion that chlorhexidine bound and inactivated the membrane-bound ATPase. It thereby disrupts the membrane potential and this is thought to be the prime mechanism of cell death .(Barett-Bee, K et al. 1994) In conclusion, we have considered some of the mechanisms that are thought to be active in the bioactivity of disinfectants and sterilants. In doing so we should also consider the question of resistance. Many pathogens have efflux systems which can combat or eliminate biocides from their environment. These can work at comparatively low concentrations of the biocide. But it opens up the possibility of the development of biocide resistance in those cells which survive the initial exposure (possibly due to incomplete treatment or peripheral exposure to low concentrations of agent). This mechanism selectively favours the emergence of biocide-resistant pathogens. (Azachi, M et al. 1996) This issue has prompted calls for the rotation of disinfectants and sterilants in hospitals and elsewhere. (Benarde, M. A et al. 1967). The use of one disinfectant should ideally be replaced with another which has a completely dissimilar mode of action. This is one argument for the study of the mode of action of both disinfectants and sterilants. Other arguments for studying the mechanisms of action of the biocides are many, not least is the fact that the knowledge of the mechanism of how a particular biocide can exert its effect can lead to the selective development of new targeted compounds with greater efficiency. An example of this process is the development of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), which was specifically developed and adapted from â€Å"older† compounds. (Behr, H et al. 1994) References Azachi, M., Y. Henis, R. Shapira, and A. Oren. 1996.  The role of the outer membrane in formaldehyde tolerance in Escherichia coli VU3695 and Halomonas sp. MAC.  Microbiology 142:1249-1254 Barett-Bee, K., L. Newboult, and S. Edwards. 1994.  The membrane destabilizing action of the antibacterial agent chlorhexidine. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 119:249-254 Behr, H., M. E. Reverdy, C. Mabilat, J. Freney, and J. Fleurette. 1994.  Relation entre le niveau des concentrations minimales inhibitrices de cinq antiseptiques et la prà ©sence du gà ¨ne qacA chez Staphylococcus aureus.  Pathol. Biol. 42:438-444 Benarde, M. A., W. B. Snow, V. P. Olivieri, and B. Davidson. 1967.  Kinetics and mechanism of bacterial disinfection by chlorine dioxide.  Appl. Microbiol. 15:257-265 Cooper, E. A. (1912).  On the relationship of phenol and m-cresol to proteins: a contribution to our knowledge of the mechanism of disinfection.  Biochemical Journal 6, 362–87. Denyer, S. P. 1995.  Mechanisms of action of antibacterial biocides.  Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 36:227-245. El-Moug, T., D. T. Rogers, J. R. Furr, B. M. A. El-Falaha, and A. D. Russell. 1985.  Antiseptic-induced changes in the cell surface of a chlorhexidine-sensitive and a chlorhexidine-resistant strain of Providencia stuartii.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 16:685-689 Hugo, W. B. (1999).  Disinfection mechanisms. In Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, 3rd edn, (Russell, A. D., Hugo, W. B. Ayliffe, G. A. J., Eds), pp. 258–83.  Blackwell Science, Oxford Jordan, R. C. Jacobs, S. E. (1944).  Studies on the dynamics of disinfection. I. New data on the reaction between phenol and Bact. coli using an improved technique, together with an analysis of the distribution of resistance amongst the cells of the bacterial population studied.  Journal of Hygiene (Cambridge) 43, 275–89. Knaysi, G. (1930).  Disinfection. I. The development of our knowledge of disinfection.  Journal of Infectious Diseases 47, 293–302. Knaysi, G. Morris, G. (1930).  The manner of death of certain bacteria and yeast when subjected to mild chemical and physical agents.  Journal of Infectious Diseases 47, 303–17. Longworth, A. R. 1971.  Chlorhexidine, p. 95-106. In W. B. Hugo (ed.), Inhibition and destruction of the microbial cell.  Academic Press, Ltd., London, England. Maillard, J.-Y. Russell, A. D. (1997).  Viricidal activity and mechanisms of action of biocides.  Science Progress 80, 287–315 McClure, A. R., and J. Gordon. 1992.  In vitro evaluation of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  J. Hosp. Infect. 21:291-299 McKellar, R. C., McKenzie, C. N. Kushner, D. J. (1996).  Correlation of resistance to proflavine and penicillin in Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 10, 765–7   McMurry, L. M., McDermott, P. F. Levy, S. B. (1999).Genetic evidence that InhA of Mycobacterium smegmatis is a target for triclosan. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, 711–3 Morris, A. Russell, A. D. (1991).  The mode of action of novobiocin. In Progress in Medicinal Chemistry, (Ellis, G. P. West, G. B., Eds), Vol. 41, pp. 39–59.  Butterworths, London.   Ng, E. G.-L., Jones, S., Leong, S. H. Russell, A. D. (2002).  Biocides and antibiotics with apparently similar actions on bacteria: is there the potential for cross-resistance?  Journal of Hospital Infection 2002 Vol 3 pgs 239-242 Roberts, M. H. Rahn, O. (1946).  The amount of enzyme inactivation at bacteriostatic and bactericidal concentrations of disinfectants.  Journal of Bacteriology 42, 639–44. Russell, A. D. (1996).  Activity of biocides against mycobacteria.  Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Symp. Suppl. 81, 87S–101S. Russell, A. D. 2002 (I)  Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic resistant bacteria.  Journal of Applied Microbiology, Symp. Suppl. 2002 Russell A D 2002 (II)  Mechanisms of antimicrobial action of antiseptics and disinfectants: an increasingly important area of investigation  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2002) 49, 597-599 Suller, M. T. E. Russell, A. D. (2000).  Triclosan and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.  Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46, 11–8 Taylor, D. M 1997.  Inactivation of unconventional agents of the transmissible degenerative encephalopathies. In A. D. Russell, W. B. Hugo, and G. A. J. Ayliffe (ed.), Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization, 3rd ed., in press.  Blackwell Science, Oxford, England. Turner, N. A., Russell, A. D., Furr, J. R. Lloyd, D. (1999).  Editorial: Acanthamoeba spp., antimicrobial agents and contact lenses.  Science Progress 82, 1–8

Vietnam :: Vietnam Culture Vietnamese Government Essays

Vietnam The Socialist Republic of Vietnam consists of the former Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the former Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The division of the country resulted from the defeat of the French by Communist-inspired nationalists in 1954. A prolonged civil war resulted in a victory for the Communist north, and reunification occurred in mid-1976. Physical Setting Vietnam has an area of 127,207 square miles (329,465 square kilometers) and is located in Southeast Asia. The country has a coastline of nearly 1,440 miles (2,317 kilometers), much of which fronts on the South China Sea. Border countries are China, Cambodia, and Laos. The latter two countries, along with Vietnam, constituted the former French Indochina. Northern Vietnam is quite mountainous, especially the extreme north and northwest. The Red River (Song Hong), which originates in China's Yunnan Province, is the principal river of the north and is about 725 miles (1,167 kilometers) in length. The major lowland area is a delta that has been created by deposits from the Red River as it enters the Gulf of Tonkin. The river passes through the capital city of Hanoi. For more than 2,000 years the Tonkin Lowland, considered the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, has been the scene of considerable water control efforts in the form of canals and dikes. The southernmost portion of the country is dominated by another lowland that is much more extensive than that in the north. This lowland has essentially been created by the Mekong River (Song Cuu Long) and its various tributaries. Just north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) the landscape becomes more varied and rolling with forested hills. The central portion of Vietnam varies in width but is only 35 miles (56 kilometers) at its narrowest point. This region has only a narrow coastal strip in contrast to the rest of the coastline, where wider lowlands exist. The westernmost portion of the area is dominated by the Annamese, or Annamite, Cordillera, a major mountain chain, which forms the spine of the country from north to south. Along with the two major rivers, there are many shorter rivers that drain the highlands and flow eastward to the South China Sea. The country also has six island groups, 14 separate mountain ranges, and three large lakes. The climate of Vietnam is largely tropical, though the north may be distinguished as subtropical. Differences in humidity, rainfall, and temperature are caused largely by changes in elevation. The north has a hot and humid five- month-long wet season lasting from May through September. The remainder of the year is relatively warm and rainfree, but humid. A prolonged period of fog,

Red Pony :: Free Essay Writer

Red Pony The Red Pony has many examples of when hard work doesn’t always ensure success. Through out the four chapters of the novel Jody goes through many difficult times. He is helped through these times by Billy Buck-the cow hand, Carl Tifflin-his father, and his mother Ruth Tifflin. The book teaches people a good lesson on many different themes a few are, respect you elders, The chapter â€Å"The Gift† proves the point that hard work doesn’t always ensure success. This chapter is filled with hard time for Jody. Jody received a red pony from his father; he bought the pony from a local auction. The pony was too young to for Jody to ride, Jody was so anxious to ride it. Jody has to care for the pony everyday. He lets him out of the stable and into the coral everyday. One day Billy Buck tells Jody that he can let Gabilan out and leave him out while he goes to school. That day it rains and the pony was left out. Jody came home and the pony was very sick. It gets worse over a few days. After a few days go by the pny gets worse and gets strangles. This leads to his death. In the â€Å"Great Mountains† the event that matches my theme is Gitano and his life. Gitano worked hard all his life, and has nothing to show for his success. Gitano is and old man who used to live on the property that Jody lives on. Gitano had an old adobe house there. Gitano came to stay and die with the Tiffin’s since he used to live there, he calls it home. They let him stay the night and serve him dinner. Jody is very interested in the old man, and asks him many questions about the mountains. He leaves early in the morning, and no one in the family sees him leave. Jeff Taylor, the neighboring rancher, said he saw him on old Easter heading to the mountains. They never saw him again. In the chapter â€Å"The Promise†, the main example of hard work not ensuring success is when they are trying to birth a baby colt. Mr. Tifflin offers Jody the opportunity to get another horse. He is very excited about this. The only thing is he has to do chores, and lots of them. He also has to take care of the horse.

Data Security and Integrity: Software and Physical Restrictions

Table of Contents Page # Introduction Introduction Maintenance of data security and integrity in reference to: Software Access Restrictions These are inserted for the purposes of protecting computer software. A few forms of software access restrictions are as follows: Passwords Definition: -A string of characters that allows access to a computer, interface or system. How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? When a person creates a password for access to a computer, folder, program etc. they are creating a code that must be implemented every time they wish to access the software. This means that if any unknown or unauthorized personnel were to attempt to view the material and were unaware of the password then they would be unable to do so, thus securing the data.The integrity of the data is also highly protected when using a password because if any unknown or unauthorized personnel attempt to access any data that is password protected without knowing the pass word, they will be denied access. Thus the data cannot be altered in any way and its trustworthiness would remain the same. * Data Encryption Definition: -This is the encryption (encoding) of data for security purposes. How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? By encrypting, we change the original plaintext version of data into ciphertext, which is an unreadable format that will protect against unauthorized parties.Only those who possess the key to trigger the algorithm that will decrypt the data, hence making it readable, can access it. A higher bit encryption is much more secure than a lower bit encryption, for example a 256 bit encryption is much more secure than a 128 bit encryption because a hacker will need to try out more possibilities when trying to breach the encryption. Once data is encrypted the integrity of it is safeguarded just as long as it isn’t breached by a hacker or accessed by any unauthorized party who somehow got the key to the algorithm, and was able to decrypt the data. Virus Protection Definition: -This is the protecting of a system from a file that replicates itself without the consent of the user. How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? Typical anti-virus software protects a computer system from viruses, Trojan horses, worms etc. by means of routinely or manually scanning files and programs to check for the aforementioned malware and if any malicious content is found, it either notifies the user of its presence and suggests steps that can be taken to remove it, or automatically starts doing so by itself.Any malware that is located early enough by anti-virus software can usually be removed before it can cause any irreversible damage to data. Though there are viruses that can take effect almost immediately and corrupt data very quickly before the virus protection can take action or even notice it. In this case having better virus protection software is necessary. * Firewall De finition: -This is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system.How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? A firewall protects a computer system or network from any malicious activity from the internet, for e. g. hackers, viruses and Trojan horses. They do so by filtering any incoming packets of data to decide which data will be let through the firewall and which will be discarded. This means that data already on the computer or network will be better protected against hackers, viruses etc. and any incoming data will be ‘clean’ i. e. without any malicious software attached.Firewalls assist in maintaining data integrity by its ability to filter data. As long as the firewall prevents malware from entering a computer system or network the data will not be adversely affected thus maintaining its trustworthiness. Physical Access Restrictions These consist of biometric s ystems as well as other forms of physical access restrictions that are used to protect data. A few forms of physical access restrictions are: * Voice Recognition Definition: -This is a device used for the identifying of individuals by the sound of their voice.How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? Voice Recognition is a biometric system i. e. it identifies individuals by a unique human characteristic, their voice. The way this aids in protecting data is as follows: if someone wishes to gain access to something, in this case data, they would need to verify to a computer that they are permitted to view or manipulate the data by speaking. If they are not registered to gain access to the data then the computer would deny them the ability to view or interact with it, thereby maintaining its integrity.If the speaker is registered with the voice recognition, then it would grant the speaker access. This allows data to be viewed by authorized personnel only. Voice recognition is considered to be more secure than passwords because of the fact that, instead of depending on a secret string of characters to gain entry to the data, it identifies them by their voice hence removing the possibility of guessing. * Retinal Scan Definition: -This is the biometrical identification of individuals by scanning the retina of the eye.How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? A retinal scan operates similarly to voice recognition, this is because they are both biometric systems. The way this assists in securing data is as follows: The retina of the eye, which is unique to everyone, is scanned. The computer can identify people by the use of camera technology which can differentiate individuals from one another because of the subtle differences in their retina. If the person is recognized as authorized personnel, then they are allowed to view the data.If however, they are not authorized to view the data, they will be denied access from doing so as well as from manipulating it, this allows for the safekeeping of data and the maintenance of its integrity. * Fingerprint Recognition Definition: -This is the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity? This is another biometric system, and the most popular one at that. Fingerprint recognition is widely used for the protection of data because of its accuracy and dependability in identification.Just as there are no two people who share the exact same voice or retina, there are no two people who share the exact same fingerprints. Because of this, fingerprint recognition can be used to allow someone access to data once the person accessing the data places his finger onto the scanning device. If his fingerprints match those that are registered then he/she is allowed access to the data, otherwise access will be denied. * Fireproof Cabinets Definition: -A fire resistant cupboard/box wh ich can house computer hardware that contains data. How does it assist in securing data and maintaining its integrity?Data is located inside software, however software cannot function without hardware. Therefore, in order to protect the software which houses data, we must also protect the hardware which houses the software. Fireproof cabinets are an excellent way of doing so. They assist in securing the hardware by allowing it a special area so that it is not lost or misplaced. Also, if there is a fire which could potentially be disastrous, the fire resistant cabinets will protect the hardware from being destroyed while also indirectly protecting the data. Summary Bibliography